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Neurosensory > 4. Cells of the Nervous System I > Flashcards

4. Cells of the Nervous System I Flashcards

1
Q

TRANSMISSION of information by which nerve type

A

AFFERENTS

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2
Q

RESPONSE by which nerve type

A

EFFERENT

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3
Q

RECEPTORS in the SKIN that pick up SENSATION / STIMULI:

A
  • MEISSNER CORPUSCLE
  • PACINIAN CORPUSCLE
  • RUFFINI CORPUSCLE
  • HAIR FOLLICLE
  • MERKEL COMPLEX
  • FREE NERVE ENDINGS
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4
Q

which RECEPTORS detect PRESSURE

A

MERKEL disks

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5
Q

which RECEPTORS detect VIBRATION

A

PACINIAN CORPUSCLE

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6
Q

which RECEPTORS detect TEMPERATURE

A

FREE NERVE ENDINGS

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7
Q

which RECEPTORS detect MOVEMENT

A

HAIR FOLLICLE & MEISSNER CORPUSCLE

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8
Q

which RECEPTORS detect STRETCH of Skin

A

RUFFINI CORPUSCLE

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9
Q

which RECEPTORS are UNENCAPSULATED

A

HAIR FOLLICLES & FREE NERVE ENDINGS

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10
Q

which RECEPTORS detect PAIN

A

FREE NERVE ENDINGS

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11
Q

GREAT DIVERSITY between all nerve cells

common features:

A

ELONGATED
HIGHLY BRANCHED
etc

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12
Q

TYPES of NEURONS

A

MULTIPOLAR
BIPOLAR
PSUEDO-UNIPOLAR
UNIPOLAR

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13
Q

what do CELL BODIES of NEURONES (the SOMA) produce

A

NEUROTRANSMITTER & ENERGY

contains Nucleus with DNA and lots of Mitochondria

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14
Q

What is a DENDRITE

A

small structures that RECIEVE INPUTS from Axons of Other Neurones

  • interact and communicate with other neurons
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15
Q

what are the MAIN GLIAL CELLS of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

SCHWANN CELLS

  • may be Myelinated schwann cells
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16
Q

SCHWANN CELLS carry out many roles including…

A
  • Physically Supporting neurone
  • Phagocytosis of dead/dying cells around it
  • Antigen Presenting if infection
  • sucks up some of Neurotransmitter
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17
Q

Other PNS GLIAL CELLS and their ROLES:

A
  • SATELLITE GLIAL CELLS
    support
  • ENTERIC GLIAL CELLS
    line blood vessels of the gut (filled with bacteria) to form a barrier so bacteria doesn’t enter blood vessels
  • OLFACTORY ENSHEATHING CELLS
    schwann cells for the olfactory nerve
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18
Q

what is BETWEEN MYELIN SHEATH to INCREASE SPEED of transmissions

A

NODES OF RANVIER
- impulses jump between

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19
Q

other role of MYELIN SHEATH besides increase speed

A

INSULATION - so can’t depolarise other axons nearby / can’t lose the depolarisation

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20
Q

what STAIN is good to use to see the HISTOLOGY of a NEURONE

A

H&E STAIN

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21
Q

what is GRADE 1 of NERVE INJURY

A

NEURAPRAXIA

  • Compression (‘pins and needs’) as myelin dying (schwann cells can repair)
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22
Q

what is GRADE 2 of NERVE INJURY

A

AXONOTMESIS

  • Damage to Axon (can be slowly regrown)
23
Q

what is GRADE 3 of NERVE INJURY

A

NEUROMESIS

  • LOSS of ENDONEURIAL LAYER
24
Q

what is GRADE 4 of NERVE INJURY

A

NEUROTMESIS

  • LOSS of ALL 3 LAYERS (endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium)
25
Q

what is GRADE 5 of NERVE INJURY

A

NEUROTMESIS

  • SEVERE nerve injury ie CUT with knife
26
Q

PHOTORECEPTORS of the EYES:

A

RODS (black and white) and CONES (larger, detect colour)

react to PHOTONS coming in of different wavelengths

-> BIPOLAR CELLS -> AMACRINE CELLS -> GANGLION CELLS -> OPTIC NERVES -> BRAIN

HYPERPOLARISE when initiated (depolarising at rest)

27
Q

STAIN for EYE HISTOLOGY

A

H&E

28
Q

what is SOMATOTOPY which occurs in GREY (cell bodies) and WHITE (myelinated axons up and down) MATTER

A

Point-to-point MAPPING of an AREA OF THE BODY to a SPECIFIC POINT in the CNS

29
Q

name of the ASCENDING NERVE PATHWAY / TRACT

A

SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT

  • SENSORY
  • to the THALAMUS
30
Q

name of the DECENDING NERVE PATHWAY / TRACT

A

LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACT

  • MOTOR
31
Q

what are the MACRO NON-NEURONAL GLIA CELLS of the CNS

A

ASTROCYTES
OLIGODENDROCYTES
EPENDYMAL

32
Q

what do ASTROCYTES do

A

FORM BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
SUPPORT
PHAGOCYTOSIS

33
Q

what do OLIGODENDOCYTES do

A

MYELINATION

  • PRODUCE ALL MYELIN of WHITE MATTER
    to INCREASE SPEED so LESS ENERGY REQUIRED
34
Q

what do EPENDYMAL cells do

A

SECRETE / PUSH OUT CSF through and around the brain

  • CILLIATED
35
Q

besides PROTECTION, SHOCK-ABSORPTION, NUTRIENTS etc role of CSF what else is it important for

A

LYMPHATICS OF THE BRAIN

  • PROTEINS that the brain doesn’t need are pushed out and drained into the CSF
36
Q

what do MICROGLIA cells do

A

CNS IMMUNITY

  • ‘watered-down’ not as strong Immune System (prevent damage to brain)

BRAIN IMMUNE CELLS that respond to pathogens and damage

37
Q

CHARACTERISTICS of the BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER that limit the passage of substances

A
  • TIGHT JUNCTIONS in endothelial cells lining the blood vessels
  • FOOT PROCESSED of ASTROCYTES further reinforces the barrier

(substances have to be actively pumped in.
only medicines allowed through are fat-based ones)

38
Q

how many CELLS in CNS

A

100 BILLION

with 10^15 (1 quadrillion) connections - connectome

39
Q

how much STORAGE in CNS

A

2.5 TERABYTES

40
Q

ARRANGEMENT in BRAIN?

A

HORIZONTAL ARRANGEMENT (6)
& VERTICAL (COLUMNAR) ARRANGEMENT

41
Q

what are the 6 BRAIN / CEREBRAL LAYERS

A
  1. MOLECULAR
  2. EXTERNAL GRANULAR
  3. EXTERNAL PYRAMIDAL
  4. INTERNAL GRANULAR
  5. INTERAL PYRAMIDAL
  6. POLYMORPHOUS
42
Q

what is the MAJOR RECEIVER Horizontal Layer

When is it the largest layer?

A

4 - INTERNAL GRANULAR

MAJOR RECEPTIVE / SENSORY layer
SIGNALS INTO BRAIN

Largest when in PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX

43
Q

what are the MAJOR OUTPUT Horizontal Layers with SIGNALS DOWN FROM THE BRAIN

A

5 - INTERNAL PYRAMIDAL & 6 - POLYMORPHOUS

44
Q

HORIZONTAL LAYERS 1,2,3 (Molecular, External Granular, External Pyramidal) do what

A

PROCESSING

45
Q

how is VERTICAL ORGANISATION

A

CYTOARCHITECTURAL

  • Neuronal size, shape, packing density, and staining intensity are all features that are used to characterize a specific cytoarchitectural area

Also Multiple CO-LOCATED COLUMNS
- if one is damaged the others can take over
ie fingertips

46
Q

how is CEREBELLAR ARRANGEMENT

A

UNIFORM

  • with 3 HORIZONTAL LAYERS

for complicated ERROR CHECKING
- smooths out signals and modifies output

47
Q

which NON-NEURAL GLIAL CELL of CNS is CILLIATED

A

EPENDYMAL

  • MACRO glial
  • SECRETES CSF
48
Q

which NON-NEURAL GLIAL CELL of CNS FORMS BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

A

ASTROCYTES

49
Q

which NON-NEURAL GLIAL CELL of CNS are the BRAINS IMMUNE CELLS

A

MICROGLIAL

50
Q

which NON-NEURAL GLIAL CELL of CNS produces MYELINATION

A

OLIGODENDROCYTES

51
Q

which NON-NEURAL GLIAL CELL of PNS LINES GUT BLOOD VESSELS to protect from BACTERIA

(glial meaning glue as stick nerves together)

A

ENTERIC GLIAL CELLS

52
Q

What type of polarity is a SENSORY NEURONE

A

PSEUDO-UNIPOLAR

53
Q

What type of polarity are MOTOR NEURONES

A

MULTI-POLAR

(long axon, cell bodies in spinal cord central grey)

Neurosensory (17 decks)

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