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Neurosensory > 4. Cells of the Nervous System I > Flashcards

4. Cells of the Nervous System I Flashcards

1
Q

TRANSMISSION of information by which nerve type

A

AFFERENTS

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2
Q

RESPONSE by which nerve type

A

EFFERENT

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3
Q

RECEPTORS in the SKIN that pick up SENSATION / STIMULI:

A
  • MEISSNER CORPUSCLE
  • PACINIAN CORPUSCLE
  • RUFFINI CORPUSCLE
  • HAIR FOLLICLE
  • MERKEL COMPLEX
  • FREE NERVE ENDINGS
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4
Q

which RECEPTORS detect PRESSURE

A

MERKEL disks

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5
Q

which RECEPTORS detect VIBRATION

A

PACINIAN CORPUSCLE

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6
Q

which RECEPTORS detect TEMPERATURE

A

FREE NERVE ENDINGS

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7
Q

which RECEPTORS detect MOVEMENT

A

HAIR FOLLICLE & MEISSNER CORPUSCLE

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8
Q

which RECEPTORS detect STRETCH of Skin

A

RUFFINI CORPUSCLE

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9
Q

which RECEPTORS are UNENCAPSULATED

A

HAIR FOLLICLES & FREE NERVE ENDINGS

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10
Q

which RECEPTORS detect PAIN

A

FREE NERVE ENDINGS

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11
Q

GREAT DIVERSITY between all nerve cells

common features:

A

ELONGATED
HIGHLY BRANCHED
etc

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12
Q

TYPES of NEURONS

A

MULTIPOLAR
BIPOLAR
PSUEDO-UNIPOLAR
UNIPOLAR

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13
Q

what do CELL BODIES of NEURONES (the SOMA) produce

A

NEUROTRANSMITTER & ENERGY

contains Nucleus with DNA and lots of Mitochondria

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14
Q

What is a DENDRITE

A

small structures that RECIEVE INPUTS from Axons of Other Neurones

  • interact and communicate with other neurons
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15
Q

what are the MAIN GLIAL CELLS of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

SCHWANN CELLS

  • may be Myelinated schwann cells
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16
Q

SCHWANN CELLS carry out many roles including…

A
  • Physically Supporting neurone
  • Phagocytosis of dead/dying cells around it
  • Antigen Presenting if infection
  • sucks up some of Neurotransmitter
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17
Q

Other PNS GLIAL CELLS and their ROLES:

A
  • SATELLITE GLIAL CELLS
    support
  • ENTERIC GLIAL CELLS
    line blood vessels of the gut (filled with bacteria) to form a barrier so bacteria doesn’t enter blood vessels
  • OLFACTORY ENSHEATHING CELLS
    schwann cells for the olfactory nerve
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18
Q

what is BETWEEN MYELIN SHEATH to INCREASE SPEED of transmissions

A

NODES OF RANVIER
- impulses jump between

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19
Q

other role of MYELIN SHEATH besides increase speed

A

INSULATION - so can’t depolarise other axons nearby / can’t lose the depolarisation

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20
Q

what STAIN is good to use to see the HISTOLOGY of a NEURONE

A

H&E STAIN

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21
Q

what is GRADE 1 of NERVE INJURY

A

NEURAPRAXIA

  • Compression (‘pins and needs’) as myelin dying (schwann cells can repair)
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22
Q

what is GRADE 2 of NERVE INJURY

A

AXONOTMESIS

  • Damage to Axon (can be slowly regrown)
23
Q

what is GRADE 3 of NERVE INJURY

A

NEUROMESIS

  • LOSS of ENDONEURIAL LAYER
24
Q

what is GRADE 4 of NERVE INJURY

A

NEUROTMESIS

  • LOSS of ALL 3 LAYERS (endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium)
25
what is GRADE 5 of NERVE INJURY
NEUROTMESIS - SEVERE nerve injury ie CUT with knife
26
PHOTORECEPTORS of the EYES:
RODS (black and white) and CONES (larger, detect colour) react to PHOTONS coming in of different wavelengths -> BIPOLAR CELLS -> AMACRINE CELLS -> GANGLION CELLS -> OPTIC NERVES -> BRAIN HYPERPOLARISE when initiated (depolarising at rest)
27
STAIN for EYE HISTOLOGY
H&E
28
what is SOMATOTOPY which occurs in GREY (cell bodies) and WHITE (myelinated axons up and down) MATTER
Point-to-point MAPPING of an AREA OF THE BODY to a SPECIFIC POINT in the CNS
29
name of the ASCENDING NERVE PATHWAY / TRACT
SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT - SENSORY - to the THALAMUS
30
name of the DECENDING NERVE PATHWAY / TRACT
LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACT - MOTOR
31
what are the MACRO NON-NEURONAL GLIA CELLS of the CNS
ASTROCYTES OLIGODENDROCYTES EPENDYMAL
32
what do ASTROCYTES do
FORM BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER SUPPORT PHAGOCYTOSIS
33
what do OLIGODENDOCYTES do
MYELINATION - PRODUCE ALL MYELIN of WHITE MATTER to INCREASE SPEED so LESS ENERGY REQUIRED
34
what do EPENDYMAL cells do
SECRETE / PUSH OUT CSF through and around the brain - CILLIATED
35
besides PROTECTION, SHOCK-ABSORPTION, NUTRIENTS etc role of CSF what else is it important for
LYMPHATICS OF THE BRAIN - PROTEINS that the brain doesn't need are pushed out and drained into the CSF
36
what do MICROGLIA cells do
CNS IMMUNITY - 'watered-down' not as strong Immune System (prevent damage to brain) BRAIN IMMUNE CELLS that respond to pathogens and damage
37
CHARACTERISTICS of the BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER that limit the passage of substances
- TIGHT JUNCTIONS in endothelial cells lining the blood vessels - FOOT PROCESSED of ASTROCYTES further reinforces the barrier (substances have to be actively pumped in. only medicines allowed through are fat-based ones)
38
how many CELLS in CNS
100 BILLION with 10^15 (1 quadrillion) connections - connectome
39
how much STORAGE in CNS
2.5 TERABYTES
40
ARRANGEMENT in BRAIN?
HORIZONTAL ARRANGEMENT (6) & VERTICAL (COLUMNAR) ARRANGEMENT
41
what are the 6 BRAIN / CEREBRAL LAYERS
1. MOLECULAR 2. EXTERNAL GRANULAR 3. EXTERNAL PYRAMIDAL 4. INTERNAL GRANULAR 5. INTERAL PYRAMIDAL 6. POLYMORPHOUS
42
what is the MAJOR RECEIVER Horizontal Layer When is it the largest layer?
4 - INTERNAL GRANULAR MAJOR RECEPTIVE / SENSORY layer SIGNALS INTO BRAIN Largest when in PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX
43
what are the MAJOR OUTPUT Horizontal Layers with SIGNALS DOWN FROM THE BRAIN
5 - INTERNAL PYRAMIDAL & 6 - POLYMORPHOUS
44
HORIZONTAL LAYERS 1,2,3 (Molecular, External Granular, External Pyramidal) do what
PROCESSING
45
how is VERTICAL ORGANISATION
CYTOARCHITECTURAL - Neuronal size, shape, packing density, and staining intensity are all features that are used to characterize a specific cytoarchitectural area Also Multiple CO-LOCATED COLUMNS - if one is damaged the others can take over ie fingertips
46
how is CEREBELLAR ARRANGEMENT
UNIFORM - with 3 HORIZONTAL LAYERS for complicated ERROR CHECKING - smooths out signals and modifies output
47
which NON-NEURAL GLIAL CELL of CNS is CILLIATED
EPENDYMAL - MACRO glial - SECRETES CSF
48
which NON-NEURAL GLIAL CELL of CNS FORMS BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
ASTROCYTES
49
which NON-NEURAL GLIAL CELL of CNS are the BRAINS IMMUNE CELLS
MICROGLIAL
50
which NON-NEURAL GLIAL CELL of CNS produces MYELINATION
OLIGODENDROCYTES
51
which NON-NEURAL GLIAL CELL of PNS LINES GUT BLOOD VESSELS to protect from BACTERIA (glial meaning glue as stick nerves together)
ENTERIC GLIAL CELLS
52
What type of polarity is a SENSORY NEURONE
PSEUDO-UNIPOLAR
53
What type of polarity are MOTOR NEURONES
MULTI-POLAR (long axon, cell bodies in spinal cord central grey)

Neurosensory (17 decks)

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