9 Flashcards
comprise
verb: To include, contain:
The course comprises a class book, a practice book, and a CD.
Italian students comprise 60 percent of the class.
The class is comprised mainly of Italian and French students.
perceive
verb: 1. to come to an opinion about something, or have a belief about something:
How do the French perceive the British?
Women’s magazines are often perceived to be superficial.
The way people perceive the real world is strongly influenced by the language they speak.
In those days, crime wasn’t even perceived as a problem.
2. to see something or someone, or to notice something that is obvious:
Bill perceived a tiny figure in the distance.
I perceived a note of unhappiness in her voice.
Perceiving that he wasn’t happy with the arrangements, I tried to book a different hotel.
I perceived something moving in the shadows.
adj: perceivable: that can be seen, heard, or noticed:
There are many people for whom these distinctions are hardly perceivable.
There was no perceivable difference in the flavour of the beans cooked in salted or unsalted water.
adv: perceivably:
My energy levels shifted perceivably.
The drop-down menu is perceivably slow.
denote
verb: to represent or mean something:
The colour red is used to denote passion or danger.
His angry tone denoted extreme displeasure.
noun: denotation: معنی صریح (در مقایسه با معنی ضمنی: connotation)- تشخیص- نشان، علامت
But though the denotation of niubi is embarrassingly plain, it’s connotations are far from obvious.
The denotation of human is any person such as John and Mary, and its connotation is “biped”, “featherless”, “rational”, etc.
bulk
noun: large size or mass:
It was a document of surprising bulk.
in bulk: in large amounts:
The office buys paper in bulk to keep down costs.
the bulk of something: most of something:
In fact, the bulk of the book is taken up with criticizing other works.
approximate
verb: to be almost the same as:
The newspaper reports of the discussion only roughly approximated to (= were not exactly the same as) what was actually said.
Student numbers this year are expected to approximate 5,000 (= to be about 5,000).
adj: not completely accurate but close:
The train’s approximate time of arrival is 10.30.
The approximate cost will be about $600.
Can you give me an approximate idea of the numbers involved?
adv: approximately
noun: approximation:
A closer approximation to the truth is that he started out as a genuine entrepreneur.
Sales-tax receipts provide an approximation of retail sales.
Could you give me a rough approximation of how many people will be coming?
orient
verb: to discover the position of yourself in relation to your surroundings:
Incoming freshmen have advisers to help orient them to the university.
After she came out of the station, she paused to orient herself.
noun: orientation:
1. the particular things that a person prefers, believes, thinks, or usually does:
We employ people without regard to their political orientation.
the company’s new eco-friendly orientation
He has never tried to hide his political orientation.
2. training or preparation for a new job or activity:
The department has arranged an orientation session.
3. arrangement or direction:
The building has an east-west orientation (= it is built on a line between east and west).
The church has an east-west orientation (= has one main side facing east and the opposite side facing west).
adj: oriental: relating to the countries of East and Southeast Asia:
oriental cuisine/fruits/plants
The concrete floor was covered with oriental rugs.
suffix: oriented: showing the direction in which something is aimed:
Hotels are a service-oriented industry.
She wants to turn the company into a profit-oriented organization.
impose
verb: 1. اعمال کردن
Very high taxes have recently been imposed on cigarettes.
Judges are imposing increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences.
impose something on something:
The council has imposed a ban on alcohol in the city parks.
2. تحمیل کردن especially a belief or way of living:
I don’t want them to impose their religious beliefs on my children.
We must impose some kind of order on the way this office is run.
3. تو رو دروایسی گذاشتن
Are you sure it’s all right for me to come tonight? I don’t want to impose.
She’s always imposing on people for favors.
I hope I’m not imposing by staying another night.
noun: imposition:
1. the imposition of the death penalty/martial law/sanctions
2. I hope the drive to the airport isn’t an imposition.
adj: imposing: having an appearance that looks important or causes admiration:
He was an imposing figure on stage.
adv: imposingly:
Their taxi pulled up outside an imposingly formal grey stone house.
forthcoming
adj: 1. پیش رو
We have just received the information about the forthcoming conference.
He is expected to win by a large majority in the forthcoming elections.
2. پذیرا و دوستانه
I had difficulty getting any details. He wasn’t very forthcoming.
3. produced, supplied, or given:
No explanation for his absence was forthcoming.
Will financial support for the theatre project be forthcoming?
explicit vs concise
Explicit means clear and precise, but concise means brief and short.
adj: clear and exact:
I gave her very explicit directions how to get here.
explicit about: She was very explicit about (= said very clearly and exactly) what she thought was wrong with the plans.
make something explicit: I wasn’t aware that I would be paying - you certainly didn’t make it explicit (= state it clearly).
adv: explicitly:
I told you quite explicitly to be home by midnight.
It should be explicitly stated exactly what the grant covers.
noun: explicitness:
The story was told with the explicitness of a textbook.
The skilled negotiator knows that explicitness aids common understanding.
The explicitness of the instructions left no room for doubt.
definite
/ˈdef.ən.ət/
adj: ultimate, conclusive, fixed, certain:
The date for the meeting is now definite: 5 March .
She has very definite opinions.
We need a definite answer by tomorrow.
definite about “Are you sure I’m invited too?” “Yes, Dan was very definite about it on the phone.”
There’s been a definite improvement in your English since you came here.
noun:
Let’s make the 9th a definite - we’ll have dinner and then go to the movies.
definite for: She’s a definite for the Olympic team.
pernicious
adj: having a very harmful effect or influence:
The cuts in government funding have had a pernicious effect on local health services.
The book focuses on the pernicious effects of slavery.
Some critics charge that time on the waiting list is morally irrelevant or even morally pernicious.
adv: perniciously:
Her family had perniciously neglected her during her later years.
The country is governed by a perniciously corrupt group of people.
invigorate
verb: to give new energy or strength to someone or something:
We were invigorated by our walk.
They argued that a cut in the tax rate would invigorate the economy.
adj: invigorating:
an invigorating swim/run
These yoga postures are invigorating and good for balance.
adv: invigoratingly: in a way that is enjoyable because it is new, different, or full of energy:
The music flows invigoratingly into our ears and veins.
This is a brief and invigoratingly clear guide to the laws of thermodynamics.
The production is masterfully staged and invigoratingly performed.
noun: invigoration:
There’s nothing quite like a crisp, cold winter’s day for invigoration.
The device has a deep massage attachment for muscle aches, one for invigoration, and one for soothing.
We need to put more invigoration and enthusiasm into the organization.
Recent invigoration of the debate came from questions about the role of private security organizations in the country.
timid
adj: محجوب، خجالتی، ترسو
She was timid about swimming in deep water.
Kieran is a timid child.
My dog is a little timid - especially around other dogs.
adv: timidly:
“Um, excuse me,” he said timidly.
People peered timidly from their windows to assess the damage.
noun: timidity:
He was embarrassed by his own timidity, since he was not brave enough to participate protests.
His natural timidity is hardly helped by bullying at school.
We could not overcome our timidity to say that we loved each other.
sink or swim
If you are left to sink or swim, you are given no help so that you succeed or fail completely by your own efforts.
serene
adj: peaceful and calm; worried by nothing:
She has a lovely serene face.
He approached the job with the serene confidence that he could succeed where others had failed.
noun: serenity:
I admired her serenity in the midst of so much chaos.
He prefers the relative serenity of college town life to Atlanta’s booming business scene.
Your harsh voice disturbs the serenity of the temple.
adv: serenely:
She smiled serenely and said nothing.
She sat there serenely sipping her drink while chaos reigned around her.
