4 Flashcards
exert
verb: 1. to use something such as authority, power, influence, etc. in order to make something happen:
اعمال کردن، بکارگیری
Some managers exert considerable pressure on their staff to work extra hours without being paid.
He exerted his influence in the company to get his son a job.
The president wanted to exert power over the people by passing a new law.
2. exert myself: to make a mental or physical effort:
کار کشیدن از خود
I know I could succeed if I exerted myself.
The doctor told him not to exert himself until he had fully recovered.
Apart from the odd yoga class, he doesn’t really exert himself much.
I was too tired to exert myself.
noun: exertion:
1. the exertion of influence over who was appointed to the job
2. the use of a lot of mental or physical effort:
I get out of breath with any kind of physical exertion.
We saved ourselves by our exertions in the last war.
damp
adj: slightly wet, especially in a way that is not pleasant or comfortable:
نم، رطوبت
The grass is still damp.
This shirt still feels a bit damp.
It was a damp, misty morning.
damp socks
Repointing mortar is vital to prevent damp in walls.
noun: dampness:
It’s the dampness in the air that is bad for your lungs.
I felt the dampness on her clothes.
sector
noun: 1. one of the areas into which the economic activity of a country is divided:
ناحیه، منطقه، بخش
In the financial sector, banks and insurance companies have both lost a lot of money.
The country has a new policy of transferring state industries from the public sector to the private sector.
Much of the workforce in the banking sector is affected by the new legislation.
There is a trend towards healthier eating among all sectors of the population.
2. an area of land or sea that has been divided from other areas:
The buildings are in an industrial sector in the southern part of the city.
What is the total oil output from the British sector of the North Sea?
spurt
verb: to (cause to) flow out suddenly and with force, in a fast stream:
جهیدن، پاشیدن، فواره زدن و فوران کردن
Blood was spurting out all over the place.
His arm was spurting blood where the vein had been severed.
Water spurted from the faucet into the sink.
noun: a sudden and short period of increased activity, effort, or speed:
جهش، سرعت گرفتن
in spurts: If something happens in spurts, there are periods of activity followed by periods in which it does not happen.
جهشی، ناپایدار
There was a sudden spurt of activity in the housing market.
He tends to work in spurts.
The water came out in spurts.
Growth spurts are a normal part of child development.
There was a sudden spurt of flame.
Soggy
/ˈsɑː.ɡi/
adj: (of things that can absorb water, especially food) unpleasantly wet and soft:
آب کشیده، خمیر مانند، نمناک
I hate it when cereal goes soggy.
(of a substance) very wet from having absorbed liquid:
They played on a wet, soggy field.
There is nothing more depressing than a pile of soggy laundry.
soaked, damp, moist, wet
parallel
adj:1.
Draw a pair of parallel lines.
Hills Road is parallel to Mill Road.
2. used to describe an event or situation that happens at the same time as and/or is similar to another one:
Parallel experiments are being conducted in Rome, Paris and London.
3. used to describe products that are bought in one country in an unofficial way and then sold more cheaply than usual in a different country:
Brandowners are not entirely opposed to parallel trade.
The government has adopted a labelling policy which requires distributors of parallel goods to label the origins of the goods.
noun: 1. something very similar to something else, or a similarity between two things:
I’m trying to see if there are any obvious parallels between the two cases.
It would be easy to draw (= make) a parallel between the city’s history and that of its theatres.
If something has no parallel or is without parallel, there is nothing similar to it or of the same high quality as it:
These beautiful African churches have no parallel in Europe.
verb:
1. The events of the last ten days in some ways parallel those before the 1978 election.
Her account of the incident closely parallels what others have reported.
2. The highway parallels the river for about 20 miles.
adj: unparalleled: having no equal; better or greater than any other:
We have an unparalleled record of solid growth.
They enjoyed success on a scale unparalleled by any previous rock band.
spontaneous
adj: happening or done in a natural, often sudden way, without any planning or without being forced:
بداهه، خودبخود
His jokes seemed spontaneous, but were in fact carefully prepared beforehand.
I am certain both these statements were spontaneous and genuine.
happening, especially in a living thing, without being caused by something outside, or without the organism’s control:
خودانگیخته
Spontaneous maturation is when meiosis continues without hormonal stimulation.
adv: spontaneously:
This story may prompt you to burst spontaneously into uncontrollable sobs.
Blood clots can occur spontaneously in some people.
expenditure
noun: 1. the total amount of money that a government or person spends:
مخارج
It’s part of a drive to cut government expenditure.
The government’s annual expenditure on arms has been reduced.
We’re primarily concerned with keeping expenditure down.
2. the act of using or spending energy, time, or money:
The expenditure of effort on this project has been enormous.
demonstrate
verb: 1. to show or make something clear:
Research has demonstrated that babies can recognize their mother’s voice very soon after birth.
These problems demonstrate the importance of strategic planning.
You need to demonstrate to the examiners that you have more than a literal understanding of the text.
2. to show something and explain how it works:
He got a job demonstrating kitchen equipment in a department store.
The teacher demonstrated how to use the equipment.
3. to express or show that you have a particular feeling, quality, or ability:
He has demonstrated a genuine interest in the project.
4. to make a public expression that you are not satisfied about something, especially by marching or having a meeting:
Thousands of people gathered to demonstrate against the new proposals.
noun: demostration:
1. This disaster is a clear demonstration of the need for tighter controls.
Let me give you a demonstration of how the camera works.
2. Huge crowds followed the funeral procession in a public demonstration of grief.
3. The students are holding a demonstration against the proposed changes.
Protesters staged an anti-war demonstration.
adj: demonstrative:
1. to show something or make something clear:
The findings of this survey are demonstrative of the need for further research.
2. behaving in a way that clearly shows your feelings:
She was always a demonstrative child.
adj: demonstrable: able to be proved or shown:
برهان پذیر، شرح پذیر، قابل جمع اوری یا اثبات
Mr. Ambrose, to be credible, needed some demonstrable facts.
Governments must make demonstrable progress toward this goal by next year.
adv: demonstrably: in a way that can be proved:
Everything you wrote was demonstrably false.
The country had failed demonstrably in the fight on drugs.
beak
noun: 1. the hard, pointed part of a bird’s mouth:
Birds use their beaks to pick up food.
نوک پرنده
2. a large nose:
He’d be handsome if it wasn’t for that huge beak of his.
plague
/pleɪɡ/
verb: 1. to cause worry, pain, or difficulty to someone or something over a period of time:
Financial problems have been plaguing their new business partners.
My shoulder’s been plaguing me all week.
2. to annoy someone, especially by asking repeated questions:
The children plagued him with questions all through lunch.
He’s been plaguing me for a loan of the book.
noun: طاعون
They described the historical plagues that had killed millions.
strike
verb: 1. اعتصاب کردن past tense: struck
We’re striking for better pay and improved safety standards.
past form: struck
2. to cause a person or place to suffer severely from the effects of something very unpleasant that happens suddenly:
رخ دادن، مبتلا شدن
I have a life insurance policy that will take care of my family if disaster strikes.
3. to hit or attack someone or something forcefully or violently:
Her car went out of control and struck an oncoming vehicle.
The police have warned the public that the killer could strike again.
4. If a thought or idea strikes you, you suddenly think of it:
Sitting at her desk, she was struck by the thought that there had to be something more to life.
It suddenly struck me last night that I’m really just not ready to get married.
empirical
adj: based on what is experienced or seen rather than on theory:
عملی، تجربی، غیرعلمی
This theory needs to be backed up with solid empirical data/evidence.
Empirical studies show that some forms of alternative medicine are extremely effective.
pitcher
noun: پارچ
a glass/plastic pitcher
a milk/water pitcher
a pitcher of beer/water/lemonade
quench
verb: فرونشاندن، دفع کردن، اطفا، خاموش کردن
Her thirst for knowledge will never be quenched.
The flames were quenched by heavy rain.
When it’s hot, it’s best to quench your thirst with water.
