17 Flashcards
adverse
adj: having a negative or harmful effect on something:
They received a lot of adverse publicity about the changes.
So far the drug is thought not to have any adverse effects.
I had an adverse reaction to the injection.
The match has been cancelled because of adverse conditions.
The forecasters are expecting adverse weather for the next few days.
noun: adversary: an enemy:
He saw her as his main adversary within the company.
adj: adversarial: involving people opposing or disagreeing with each other:
In the old days of two-party adversarial politics, voting was easy.
Lawyers enjoy being adversarial.
circuitous
adj: not straight or direct:
a circuitous route/path
a circuitous (= long and indirect) explanation
We took a circuitous route home.
adv: circuitously:
We entered a beautiful valley through which the river circuitously takes its course.
He arrived at his final career quite circuitously.
cite
verb: to mention something as proof for a theory or as a reason why something has happened:
She cited three reasons why people get into debt.
cite something as something The company cited a 13 percent decline in new orders as evidence that overall demand for its products was falling.
to speak or write words taken from a particular writer or written work:
She cites both T.S. Eliot and Virginia Woolf in her article.
be cited as He has been cited as the co-respondent in the divorce case.
be cited for The company has been cited twice for safety violations.
swollen
adj: larger than usual:
a bruised, swollen face
The stream is swollen because of the heavy rain.
verb: swell ورم کردن:
It was obvious she had broken her toe, because it immediately started to swell (up).
The group recruited more members, swelling its ranks (= increasing its size) to more than 1.3 million.
literary His heart/breast swelled with pride (= he felt very proud) as he stood watching his son graduate.
adj: swell: very good or pleasant:
That’s a swell idea!
adv: swell: very well:
Everything’s going swell.
scandal
noun: رسوایی، ابروریزی، ننگ، افتضاح
Their affair caused/created a scandal in the office.
The scandal broke (= became public knowledge) right at the beginning of the Conservative Party Conference.
If there is the slightest suggestion/hint of scandal, the public will no longer trust us.
It’s a scandal (that) children are treated in this way.
reports about actions or events that cause shock and disapproval:
Some magazines contain nothing but scandal and gossip.
adj: scandalous: making people shocked and upset:
It’s scandalous that we do so little to prevent homelessness.
inflation
noun: تورم
the rate of inflation
a continuous increase in the level or amount of something:
There has been a lot of discussion about inflation of grades in higher education recently.
Excess demand eventually led to wage inflation.
the act of making something larger or more important, or of making it seem larger or more important than it really is:
I suspected that there had been some inflation of the claims for political purposes.
the act of filling something with air, or of being filled with air:
A large herniation can restrict the inflation of a lung.
verb: inflate:
He inflated the balloons with helium.
They inflated their part in the rescue every time they told the story.
There have been efforts to inflate the economy and prop up asset prices.
adj: inflatable:
inflatable pillows/mattresses
adj: inflationary: causing price increases and inflation:
inflationary policies/pressures/trends
Time and again, economists have warned that higher oil prices are inflationary.
arbitrary
adj: بختکی، خودسرانه
، دلخواه
arbitrary decision-making
Did you have a reason for choosing your destination or was it arbitrary?
an arbitrary ruler
The company has been the subject of an arbitrary take-over.
Her outfit was an arbitrary choice but was just perfect.
adv: arbitrarily
We didn’t think much about it, just arbitrarily decided to go to Italy.
noun; arbitrariness
The arbitrariness of human nature infuriates me.
retrospect
noun: نگاه به گذشته
In retrospect, I think my marriage was doomed from the beginning.
I’m sure my university days seem happier in retrospect than they really were.
noun: retrospection:
He is a man of action, not retrospection.
adj: retrospective:
He was the subject of a retrospective exhibit.
a retrospective album of solo Freddie Mercury tracks
if a law, decision, etc. is retrospective, it has effect from a date in the past before it was approved:
The new law will not be retrospective.
a show of the work an artist has done in their life so far:
a Hockney retrospective/a retrospective of Hockney’s work
adv: retrospectively: in a way that relates to or involves thinking about something that happened in the past:
I reached the conclusion retrospectively.
Retrospectively, I wished I had never gone to that conference.
meteorite
a piece of matter from space that has landed on earth:
Meteorites striking land usually vaporize instantly.
terrestrial-celestial
relating to the earth:
Newton investigated terrestrial and celestial motion.
(of a planet) similar to Earth:
the search for terrestrial planets
celestial: of or from the sky or outside this world:
The moon is a celestial body.
collaborate
verb: to work with someone else for a special purpose:
Two writers collaborated on the script for the film.
A German company collaborated with a Swiss firm to develop the product.
The British and Italian police collaborated in catching the terrorists.
noun: collaboration:
The new airport is a collaboration between two of the best architects in the country.
The two playwrights worked in close collaboration with each other on the script.
adj: collaborative:
The presentation was a collaborative effort by all the children in the class.
collide
verb: (especially of moving objects) to hit something violently:
The two vans collided at the crossroads.
He went off the road to avoid colliding with another car.
It was predicted that a comet would collide with one of the planets.
colossal
adj: extremely large:
In the centre of the hall stood a colossal wooden statue, decorated in ivory and gold.
They were asking a colossal amount of money for the house.
adv: colossally:
He’s not colossally stupid, so I don’t really think he believes this.
noun: colossus: a person or thing of great size, influence, or ability:
She has been described as the creative colossus of the literary world.
a marble colossus from the sixth century B.C.
He talked about the emerging colossus of the Internet.
commemorate
verb: to remember officially and give respect to a great person or event, especially by a public ceremony or by making a statue or special building:
Gathered all together in this church, we commemorate those who lost their lives in the war.
A statue has been built to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the poet’s birthday.
noun: commemoration:
A set of stamps has been commissioned in commemoration of Independence Day.
Thousands of veterans will take part in a commemoration of the battle.
adj: commemorative:
a commemorative statue/stamp/service/plaque
Instead of tickets, they gave out commemorative coffee mugs.
comparative
noun: the form of an adjective or adverb that expresses a difference in amount, number, degree, or quality:
“Fatter” is the comparative of “fat”.
adj: comparing different things:
She’s carrying out a comparative study of health in inner cities and rural areas.
comparative comfort/freedom/silence, etc. : a situation that is comfortable, free, silent, etc. when compared to another situation or what is normal:
I enjoyed the comparative calm of his flat after the busy office.
adv: comparatively
The job was comparatively well paid, as factory jobs go.
