2 Flashcards
combat
noun: a fight, especially during a war:
No one knew how many troops had died in combat.
The film explores the combat between good and evil.
verb: to try to stop something unpleasant or harmful from happening or increasing:
The government is spending millions of dollars in its attempt to combat drug abuse.
I have to combat this constant desire to eat chocolate.
noun: combatant: a person who fights in a war:
Conventionally, the combatants were closely matched.
noun: combativeness
He was known for his combativeness and short temper.
adj: combative: eager to fight or argue:
The prime minister was in a combative mood.
adv: combatively
She talks combatively, as if looking forward to a fight.
immerse
verb: to put something or someone completely under the surface of a liquid:
be immersed in The shells should be immersed in boiling water for two minutes.
immerse yourself in something: to become completely involved in something:
She immersed herself wholly in her work.
adj: immersible: able to be put completely under water without any damage:
Using an immersible blender, blend the peppers and sauce left at the bottom of the pan.
noun: immersion: 1. the fact of becoming completely involved in something:
Total immersion in a videogame is almost like living another life.
2. the process of learning a language or skill by using nothing else but that language or skill:
We have all learned a complex set of grammar rules simply by immersion in a language since birth.
3. the act of putting something or someone completely under the surface of a liquid:
They practise baptism by total immersion.
immersion course: a course in which you learn by using nothing else but the language or skill that you are learning:
He decided he wanted to master Spanish and took an immersion course in Mexico.
This intensive, week-long SQL Server Immersion course will teach you everything you need to know.
extract
noun: 1. a substance taken from a plant, flower, etc. and used especially in food or medicine:
True licorice candy is made from an extract of the licorice plant.
The cream contained extracts from several plants.
2. a particular part of a book, poem, etc. that is chosen so that it can be used in a discussion, article, etc.:
They published an extract from his autobiography.
verb: to remove or take out something:
They used to extract iron ore from this site.
The oil which is extracted from olives is used for cooking.
noun: extraction:
The extraction of minerals has damaged the countryside.
adj: extractive: 1. involving removing oil, metals, coal, stone, etc. from the ground:
The biggest extractive industry in Cornwall today is the mining of china clay.
2. involving taking a resource (= something valuable) or profit from something without trying to replace it or trying to avoid harming that thing:
Cash crops are always “extractive” and tend to lower the overall fertility of the farm.
noun: extractor:
a juice extractor
Data extractor tools allow companies to gather data.
tropical
adj: 1. from or relating to the area between the two tropics:
The Amazon river basin contains the world’s largest tropical rainforest.
Leprosy is one of the few tropical diseases which could soon be eradicated.
2. extremely hot:
The weather was positively tropical last summer.
گرمسیری
predate
verb: 1. to have existed or happened before another thing:
These cave paintings predate any others which are known.
2. to kill and eat another animal:
Some species of bat predate small mammals.
noun: predation:
For local cattle ranchers, predation by mountain lions is a problem.
noun: predator:ˈpredətər’
1.lions, wolves, and other predators
2. someone who follows people in order to harm them or commit a crime against them:
a sexual predator *
In court, he was accused of being a merciless predator who had tricked his grandmother out of her savings.
3. a company that buys or tries to buy another company that is in a weaker financial position:
France’s Lafarge is seen as a potential predator for the cement maker.
adj: predatory:
*1. The owl is a predatory bird that kills its prey with its claws.
2. I hate going to bars on my own because men look at you in such a predatory way.
3. The company spent much effort in avoiding takeover bids from predatory competitors.
phenomenon
noun: something that exists and can be seen, felt, tasted, etc., especially something unusual or interesting:
Gravity is a natural phenomenon.
This trend is certainly not a new phenomenon.
There’s evidence to suggest that child abuse is not just a recent phenomenon.
phenomena: plural of phenomenon
adj: phenomenal: extremely successful or special, especially in a surprising way:
Her rise to fame was quite phenomenal.
Angela can do a phenomenal amount of work in one day.
He has a phenomenal memory.
adv: phenomenally:
His first novel was phenomenally successful.
“He’s a phenomenally talented actor,” she says.
synonyms: event, happening, occurence
pledge
noun: a serious or formal promise, especially one to give money or to be a friend, or something that you give as a sign that you will keep a promise:
All the candidates have given/made pledges not to raise taxes if they are elected.
Thousands of people made pledges (= promised to give money) to the charity campaign.
I give you this ring as a pledge of my everlasting love for you.
a pledge of friendship
verb:
Both sides have pledged to end the fighting.
So far, £50,000 has been pledged (= people have promised to pay this amount) in response to the appeal.
We are asking people to pledge their support for our campaign.
resemble
verb: to look like or be like someone or something:
You resemble your mother very closely.
After the earthquake, the city resembled a battlefield.
Several of the women resemble one another closely enough to be sisters.
noun: resemblance:
There was a clear family resemblance between all the brothers.
Resemblance between relatives for any trait can be attributable to environmental correlations.
exotic
adj: unusual and specially interesting because of coming from a country that is far away:
exotic pets like snakes and tropical birds
Transparency is not a particularly exotic phenomenon because it frequently occurs in natural contexts.
adv: exotically:
The courtyard is exotically decorated.
preserve
verb: to keep something as it is, especially in order to prevent it from decaying or being damaged or destroyed:
We want to preserve the character of the town while improving the facilities.
I need to get out of the house from time to time just to preserve my sanity.
noun: an activity that only one person or a particular type of person does or is responsible for:
Sport used to be a male preserve.
The gardening is Jeanne’s special preserve.
noun: preservation:
The church is in a poor state of preservation.
Janet is very interested in historic preservation (= protecting places of historic importance).
There is great public concern about some of the chemicals used in food preservation.
The president has said that the government is committed to the preservation (= protection) of the country’s national interests.
noun: preservative: a chemical used to stop food from decaying:
This bread is completely free from artificial preservatives.
pedestrian
noun: a person who is walking, especially in an area where vehicles go:
A few pedestrians sheltered from the rain in doorways.
adj: not interesting; showing very little imagination:
بی روح، مبتذل، پیش پا افتاده
His speech was long and pedestrian.
forage
verb: to go from place to place searching for things that you can eat or use:
The pigs foraged in the woods for acorns.
noun: food grown for horses and farm animals:
We’ll have to maximize home-grown forages so we can cut back on grain.
noun:
She is a very accomplished hunter and forager.
Animals are very selective foragers.
retain
verb: 1. to keep or continue to have something:
Francis retained control of the company.
His capacity to retain (= remember) facts was as keen as ever, but he had trouble remembering people’s names.
Atkinson retained his post in the enlarged banking group.
2. If a substance retains something, such as heat or water, it continues to hold or contain it:
The sea retains the sun’s warmth longer than the land.
noun: retainer: an amount of money that you pay to someone in advance so that the person will work for you when needed:
The firm retained White as a consultant, paying him a $5,000 retainer.
Penn’s firm is on a retainer of $15,000 to $20,000 per month.
noun: retention
persist
verb: 1. If an unpleasant feeling or situation persists, it continues to exist:
If the pain persists, consult a doctor.
The cold weather is set to persist throughout the week.
2. to try to do or continue doing something in a determined but often unreasonable way:
If he persists in asking awkward questions, then send him to the boss.
The government is persisting with its ambitious public works programme.
noun: persistence: the fact that someone or something persists:
اصرار، پافشاری، سماجت، مقاومت، پشتکار، سرسختی، ایستادگی، ثبات قدم
Her persistence and enthusiasm have helped the group to achieve its international success.
A problem with using pesticides is the persistence of chemicals in the soil.
In addition, extrinsic factors such as temperature and humidity will affect the persistence of the eggs in the environment.
Persistent?
excess
noun: an amount that is more than acceptable, expected, or reasonable:
An excess of enthusiasm is not always a good thing.
There is still, in many industries, an excess of productive capacity.
They both eat to excess (= too much).
There will be an increase in tax for those earning in excess of (= more than) twice the national average wage.
Last year he earned in excess of $3 million.
adj: extra:
Cut off any excess pastry and put it to one side.
adj: excessive: too much:
Excessive exercise can sometimes cause health problems.
The directive will prevent employees from working excessive hours.
Investing offshore is only worthwhile if the costs involved are not excessive.
adv: excessively:
She was polite but not excessively so.
I don’t drink excessively.
