6 Flashcards
establish
verb: 1. to start a company or organization that will continue for a long time:
The brewery was established in 1822.
These methods of working were established in the last century.
2. to start having a relationship with, or communicating with another person, company, country, or organization:
There is a strong need to establish effective communication links between staff, parents, pupils, and external bodies.
3. to cause something or someone to be accepted in or familiar with a place, position, etc.:
He’s established himself as a dependable source of information.
After three months we were well established in/at our new house/new jobs.
I spent several years trying to establish myself as a painter.
4. to discover or get proof of something:
Before we take any action we must establish the facts/truth.
Can you establish what time she left home/whether she has left home.
We have established (that) she was born in 1900.
rural
adj: in, of, or like the countryside:
The area is still very rural and undeveloped.
She grew up in rural Utah.
The difficulties facing rural communities today are very real.
emission
/iˈmɪʃ.ən/
noun:
انتشار (گاز، تابش، امواج و ..)
Bioluminescence is the emission of light from living organisms.
Excess infrared emission was detected around six of these stars.
an amount of a substance that is produced and sent out into the air that is harmful to the environment, especially carbon dioxide:
The bill is intended to lower emissions of greenhouse gases.
Reducing the consumption of energy and increasing its efficient use would help control emissions.
These health risks are caused by vehicle emissions.
The agreement aimed to half the emissions rate in 50 years.
parade
/pəˈreɪd/
noun:
رژه
The entire regiment was on parade.
Tomorrow’s parade will mark the 50th anniversary of the battle.
From our hotel room window, we had a grandstand view of the parade.
She twirled her baton high in the air as she led the parade.
a series of people or things that appear one after the other:
For three hours a committee of state senators listened to a parade of local residents giving their opinions.
verb:
1. The Saint Patrick’s Day marchers paraded up Fifth Avenue, past the cathedral.
2. عرض اندام، به رخ کشیدن
It’s sickening the way he parades his wealth, his car, and his expensive clothes.
The children paraded about/around in their new clothes.
aspiration
noun: something that you hope to achieve:
I’ve never had any political aspirations.
It’s a story about the lives and aspirations of poor Irish immigrants.
synonyms: ambition, dream (HOPE), goal (AIM)
robust
/roʊˈbʌst/
adj: تنومند، ستبر، قوی
He looks robust and healthy enough.
a robust pair of walking boots
She was in robust health.
The house blend of coffee is particularly robust.
Exports will continue to be bolstered by the robust economy.
We should be able to generate stronger sales with robust profit margins.
stimulate
/ˈstɪm.jə.leɪt/
verb: 1. to encourage something to grow, develop, or become active:
The government plans to cut taxes in order to stimulate the economy.
2. to make someone excited and interested about something:
The show was intended to stimulate and amuse.
Good teachers should ask questions that stimulate students to think.
Erotic images are often more sexually stimulating to men than to women.
3. to cause part of the body to operate:
The drugs stimulate the damaged tissue into repairing itself.
Standing on your head is supposed to stimulate hair growth.
volcanic
noun: انفجاری، اتش فشانی
volcanic ash/activity/rock
Geologists understand many of the factors that cause volcanic eruptions.
The island is volcanic and the sand on the beaches is black.
The volcanic island is thickly draped with vegetation.
likely to become very angry suddenly, or involving great anger:
They had to deal with the actor’s famously volcanic temper.
He is a lot more volcanic and passionate than I am.
volcano: اتشفشان
Erupting volcanoes discharge massive quantities of dust into the stratosphere.
an active volcano
appeal
noun: 1. a request to the public for money, information, or help:
They’re launching (= starting) an appeal to raise money for famine victims.
The police have issued an appeal to the public to stay away from the area over the weekend.
2. the quality in someone or something that makes him, her, or it attractive or interesting:
This used to be a marvellous hotel, but it has lost its appeal in recent years.
The actor has a lot of sex appeal.
Spielberg’s movies have a wide appeal.
verb:
1. * They’re appealing for clothes and blankets to send to the devastated region.*
The police are appealing to the public for any information about the missing girl.
2. It’s a programme designed to appeal mainly to 16 to 25-year-olds.
I think what appeals to me about his painting is his use of colour.
substitute
verb:
You can substitute oil for butter (= use oil instead of butter) in this recipe.
You can substitute the wheat flour with almond flour.
He made his film debut when he was substituted for the actor who was originally cast.
noun:
Tofu can be used as a meat substitute in vegetarian recipes.
Vitamins should not be used as a substitute for a healthy diet.
Johnson came on as a substitute towards the end of the game.
The manager brought on another substitute in the final minutes of the game.
monument
/ˈmɑːn.jə.mənt/
noun:
بنای یاد بود، بنای یادگاری، مقبره، اثر تاریخی
In the square in front of the hotel stands a monument to all the people killed in the war.
Parts of the Berlin wall are being allowed to stand as historic monuments.
agriculture
/ˈæɡ.rə.kʌl.tʃɚ/
noun:
کشاورزی، زراعتی
Agriculture is still largely based on traditional methods in some countries.
The area depends on agriculture for most of its income.
Agriculture and tourism are both important to the region’s economy.
adj: agricultural:
The world’s supply of agricultural land is shrinking fast.
She’s studying agricultural science.
The country’s economy is mainly agricultural (= based on farming).
Chicago was an important shipping point for agricultural products and livestock.
carry out
verb: to do or complete something, especially that you have said you would do or that you have been told to do:
انجام دادن، پیش بردن
Dr Carter is carrying out research on early Christian art.
The hospital is carrying out tests to find out what’s wrong with her.
Our soldiers carried out a successful attack last night.
It is hoped that the kidnappers will not carry out their threat to kill the hostages.
Don’t blame me, I’m only carrying out my orders/instructions.
carrry on:
Let’s carry on this discussion at some other time.
Sorry to interrupt, please carry on with what you were saying.
You just have to carry on as if nothing’s happened.
Steve just carried on playing on his computer.
appreciate
another meaning: to understand a situation and realize that it is important:
We appreciate the need for immediate action.
[ + that ] I appreciate that it’s a difficult decision for you to make.
[ + question word ] I don’t think you appreciate how much time I spent preparing this meal.
follow
1.
follow the crowd Do your own thing, don’t just follow the crowd (= do what everyone else does).
A dog followed us home.
She followed me into the kitchen.
2.
We were not prepared for the events that followed (= happened next).
The meal consisted of spinach salad, followed by roast chicken (= with this as the next part).
follow something with something We will go for a short walk along the river, and follow that with a drink at a riverside café.
3.
Follow the instructions on the back of the packet carefully.
I decided to follow her advice and go to bed early.
4.
He follows most sports avidly.
They followed her academic progress closely.
5.
I’m sorry, I don’t quite follow (you).
His lecture was complicated and difficult to follow.
