8b Nutrient Requirements of Dogs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of an adult dog?

A
  • fully grown at 12 months

- not over 5-7 years old

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2
Q

Why are domestic canids the most diverse mammalian species in mature body weight and size?

A
  • dogs had many different jobs
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3
Q

What is the goal of nutritional management of dogs?

A
  • different objective than livestock, except for breeding herd
  • maximize longevity, quality of life and disease prevention
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4
Q

What are the factors that influence energy requirements of dogs?

A
  • gender and neuter status
  • breed
  • age (growth, sedentary dogs)
  • reproduction
  • activity level
  • environment
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5
Q

Why do female dogs need less energy?

A
  • less lean body mass than males
  • more body fat
  • lean body mass accounts for BMR
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6
Q

Why do neutered dogs need less energy?

A
  • but higher food intake
  • lack of appetite suppressing estrogen in neutered bitches
  • decrease in physical activity
  • prone to obesity
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7
Q

How does breed affect energy requirements?

A
  • different breeds may be at risk for specific diseases or metabolic alterations
  • MER (differences in lean body mass, temperament and activity level)
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8
Q

How does age affect requirements?

A
  • increased prevalence of dental disease, obesity and kidney disease will increase after 5-7 years of age
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9
Q

How does activity level influence energy requirements?

A
  • significantly influences energy requirements (standing requires 40% more energy than lying)
  • consistently higher level of physical activity increases lean body mass
  • activity cannot be defined precisely
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10
Q

What can be used to monitor body mass?

A
  • a scale

- ultrasound can be used to measure thickness of muscle or fat layer

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11
Q

How can environment affect energy requirement?

A
  • temperature, humidity, type of housing, stress level and degree of acclimatization
  • isolative characteristics of skin and coat
  • difference in stature, behaviour and activity
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12
Q

What is the difference in lower critical temperature between breeds?

A
  • minimum metabolic rate
  • long haired 15-20C
  • short haired 20-25C
  • arctic breeds 10-15C
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13
Q

How do energy requirements change in hot or cold weather?

A
  • dog kept outside needs 10-90% more energy than during optimal weather
  • for body cooling, small increase in energy requirement, drastic increase in water requirement
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14
Q

Describe the basis for establishing energy requirements.

A
  • energy requirements of animals with widely differing weights not directly related to BW
  • more closely related to BW^0.75
  • amount of energy used by the body is also related to total body surface area, not only animals weight (metabolic body weight)
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15
Q

What is the equation for maintenance energy requirements of dogs?

A

MER = 130 kcal ME x BW^0.75

- MER = BMR + thermoregulation + regular activity

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16
Q

Describe the importance of water.

A
  • 56% of adult dogs BW
  • body has limited capacity to store water
  • water deprivation will result in death
  • require constant source of water to replace losses
17
Q

What are some factors that affect voluntary water intake?

A
  • environmental temperature (increase temp = increase intake)
  • type of doet fed (dry = increase)
  • activity level
  • physiological state (lactation)
  • health
  • increased energy intake cause more metabolic waste products to be produced, so require more water to excrete)
  • high protein diet will also need more water to excrete urea
18
Q

How much water is produced by metabolism?

A
  • 5-10% of total daily water intake
19
Q

How can we estimate animals’ water requirement?

A

1kcal of energy = 1ml of water

20
Q

Describe protein requirement

A
  • no benefit of extra protein when AA requirement is met

- need just enough for maintenance and activity

21
Q

What factors affect protein requirement?

A
  • biological value and protein digestibility
22
Q

What is biological value?

A

ability of a protein to provide ratio of amino acids for protein synthesis

23
Q

How to assess protein and AA requirement?

A
  • adult: nitrogen balance: Nfood-Nfeces-Nurine

- growing animals: weight gain

24
Q

What does apparent mean?

A
  • not correcting for endogenous losses
25
Why is AID more accurate than ATTD?
- no absorption of essential amino acids in large intestine and microbial protein may be in feces from fermentation in handgun
26
Why is arginine of special importance?
- key intermediate in urea cycle - release of several hormones and metabolic mediators - precursor of biogenic amines - precursor of neurotransmitters
27
What happens with an arginine deficiency?
- develop signs of ammonia toxicity
28
Describe fat requirement of adult dogs.
- tolerate high amounts of fat (70%) - adapt to wide range of fat types and amounts - tallow low in linoleic acid - minimal amounts of fat when essential fatty acids adequate
29
What kind of fat is more easily digested?
- unsaturated more easily digested and absorbed
30
Which fatty acids can the dog synthesize?
- can synthesize alpha-linoleic and arachidonic acid from linoleic acid - but limited ability to manufacture arachidonic acid (conditionally essential)
31
What happens with too low levels of fat in diet?
- deficiencies in total energy - essential fatty acid deficiency leads to hair loss, development of dry dull coat and skin lesions and infections, decreased food palatability
32
What happens when too much fat is provided?
- diarrhea | - weight gain and obesity due to high palatability of energy dense diet
33
What is the carb requirement for adult dogs?
- do not have carb requirement because can make glucose from protein and fat - there is a requirement for glucose and glucose precursors though
34
Why do dogs need fiber?
- increases bulkiness that contributes to satiety - helps weight loss in obese dogs (calorie dilution) - but can decrease digestibility of other nutrients
35
what is the optimal fiber amount?
3-7% DM
36
Describe Ca and P requirement
- deficiency can lead to skeletal abnormalities - excessive P may accelerate progression of chronic renal disease - ratio not less than 1:1