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An Sc 464 > 8b Nutrient Requirements of Dogs > Flashcards

8b Nutrient Requirements of Dogs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of an adult dog?

A
  • fully grown at 12 months

- not over 5-7 years old

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2
Q

Why are domestic canids the most diverse mammalian species in mature body weight and size?

A
  • dogs had many different jobs
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3
Q

What is the goal of nutritional management of dogs?

A
  • different objective than livestock, except for breeding herd
  • maximize longevity, quality of life and disease prevention
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4
Q

What are the factors that influence energy requirements of dogs?

A
  • gender and neuter status
  • breed
  • age (growth, sedentary dogs)
  • reproduction
  • activity level
  • environment
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5
Q

Why do female dogs need less energy?

A
  • less lean body mass than males
  • more body fat
  • lean body mass accounts for BMR
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6
Q

Why do neutered dogs need less energy?

A
  • but higher food intake
  • lack of appetite suppressing estrogen in neutered bitches
  • decrease in physical activity
  • prone to obesity
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7
Q

How does breed affect energy requirements?

A
  • different breeds may be at risk for specific diseases or metabolic alterations
  • MER (differences in lean body mass, temperament and activity level)
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8
Q

How does age affect requirements?

A
  • increased prevalence of dental disease, obesity and kidney disease will increase after 5-7 years of age
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9
Q

How does activity level influence energy requirements?

A
  • significantly influences energy requirements (standing requires 40% more energy than lying)
  • consistently higher level of physical activity increases lean body mass
  • activity cannot be defined precisely
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10
Q

What can be used to monitor body mass?

A
  • a scale

- ultrasound can be used to measure thickness of muscle or fat layer

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11
Q

How can environment affect energy requirement?

A
  • temperature, humidity, type of housing, stress level and degree of acclimatization
  • isolative characteristics of skin and coat
  • difference in stature, behaviour and activity
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12
Q

What is the difference in lower critical temperature between breeds?

A
  • minimum metabolic rate
  • long haired 15-20C
  • short haired 20-25C
  • arctic breeds 10-15C
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13
Q

How do energy requirements change in hot or cold weather?

A
  • dog kept outside needs 10-90% more energy than during optimal weather
  • for body cooling, small increase in energy requirement, drastic increase in water requirement
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14
Q

Describe the basis for establishing energy requirements.

A
  • energy requirements of animals with widely differing weights not directly related to BW
  • more closely related to BW^0.75
  • amount of energy used by the body is also related to total body surface area, not only animals weight (metabolic body weight)
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15
Q

What is the equation for maintenance energy requirements of dogs?

A

MER = 130 kcal ME x BW^0.75

- MER = BMR + thermoregulation + regular activity

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16
Q

Describe the importance of water.

A
  • 56% of adult dogs BW
  • body has limited capacity to store water
  • water deprivation will result in death
  • require constant source of water to replace losses
17
Q

What are some factors that affect voluntary water intake?

A
  • environmental temperature (increase temp = increase intake)
  • type of doet fed (dry = increase)
  • activity level
  • physiological state (lactation)
  • health
  • increased energy intake cause more metabolic waste products to be produced, so require more water to excrete)
  • high protein diet will also need more water to excrete urea
18
Q

How much water is produced by metabolism?

A
  • 5-10% of total daily water intake
19
Q

How can we estimate animals’ water requirement?

A

1kcal of energy = 1ml of water

20
Q

Describe protein requirement

A
  • no benefit of extra protein when AA requirement is met

- need just enough for maintenance and activity

21
Q

What factors affect protein requirement?

A
  • biological value and protein digestibility
22
Q

What is biological value?

A

ability of a protein to provide ratio of amino acids for protein synthesis

23
Q

How to assess protein and AA requirement?

A
  • adult: nitrogen balance: Nfood-Nfeces-Nurine

- growing animals: weight gain

24
Q

What does apparent mean?

A
  • not correcting for endogenous losses
25
Q

Why is AID more accurate than ATTD?

A
  • no absorption of essential amino acids in large intestine and microbial protein may be in feces from fermentation in handgun
26
Q

Why is arginine of special importance?

A
  • key intermediate in urea cycle
  • release of several hormones and metabolic mediators
  • precursor of biogenic amines
  • precursor of neurotransmitters
27
Q

What happens with an arginine deficiency?

A
  • develop signs of ammonia toxicity
28
Q

Describe fat requirement of adult dogs.

A
  • tolerate high amounts of fat (70%)
  • adapt to wide range of fat types and amounts
  • tallow low in linoleic acid
  • minimal amounts of fat when essential fatty acids adequate
29
Q

What kind of fat is more easily digested?

A
  • unsaturated more easily digested and absorbed
30
Q

Which fatty acids can the dog synthesize?

A
  • can synthesize alpha-linoleic and arachidonic acid from linoleic acid
  • but limited ability to manufacture arachidonic acid (conditionally essential)
31
Q

What happens with too low levels of fat in diet?

A
  • deficiencies in total energy
  • essential fatty acid deficiency leads to hair loss, development of dry dull coat and skin lesions and infections, decreased food palatability
32
Q

What happens when too much fat is provided?

A
  • diarrhea

- weight gain and obesity due to high palatability of energy dense diet

33
Q

What is the carb requirement for adult dogs?

A
  • do not have carb requirement because can make glucose from protein and fat
  • there is a requirement for glucose and glucose precursors though
34
Q

Why do dogs need fiber?

A
  • increases bulkiness that contributes to satiety
  • helps weight loss in obese dogs (calorie dilution)
  • but can decrease digestibility of other nutrients
35
Q

what is the optimal fiber amount?

A

3-7% DM

36
Q

Describe Ca and P requirement

A
  • deficiency can lead to skeletal abnormalities
  • excessive P may accelerate progression of chronic renal disease
  • ratio not less than 1:1

An Sc 464 (26 decks)

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