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An Sc 464 > 2b Review of Nutrients 1 > Flashcards

2b Review of Nutrients 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 basic functions of nutrients?

A
  1. act as structural components
  2. enhance chemical reactions of metabolism
  3. transport substances into, throughout or out of the body
  4. maintain body temperature
  5. supply energy
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2
Q

Define essential nutrient

A

nutrient that cannot be synthesized by the animal, and must be obtained in the food

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3
Q

Define conditionally essential nutrient.

A

A non essential nutrient that becomes an essential nutrient when certain physiologic conditions result in relative deficiency

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4
Q

Define non essential nutrient

A

a nutrient that can be synthesized in adequate quantities by animals and are not specifically required in the food

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5
Q

What are some certain situations in which a nutrient would be conditionally essential?

A
  • growth

- lactation

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6
Q

Define digestibility.

A

the percentage of food’s gross nutrient content released following mechanical and chemical digestive processes

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7
Q

Define bioavailability.

A

the degree to which a nutrient becomes available to support metabolism after digestion and absorption

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8
Q

What 2 things is digestion influenced by?

A
  • food characteristics

- digestive efficiency of the host

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9
Q

What is an example of nutrients that are sometimes digestible but not available?

A
  • Maillard reaction

- sugar and protein are linked so lysine cannot be included in protein and is excreted in urine

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10
Q

Define apparent digestibility.

A

nutrient intake minus nutrient excretion in feces

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11
Q

Define true digestibility.

A

nutrient intake minus nutrient excretion in feces corrected for intestinal endogenous losses

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12
Q

Define intestinal endogenous losses.

A

excretion of nutrient into gut due to cell turn over, intestinal secretions, sloughing of intestinal cells

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13
Q

What are some examples of intestinal secretions?

A
  • bile
  • pancreatic enzymes
  • HCl
  • mucus
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14
Q

What are the two types of simple carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides and disaccharides

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15
Q

What are 3 types of monosaccharides?

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose
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16
Q

What are 3 types of disaccharides?

A
  • maltose
  • sucrose
  • lactose
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17
Q

What are the 2 types of complex carbohydrates?

A
  • oligosaccharides

- polysaccharides

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18
Q

What are 2 examples of oligosaccharides?

A
  • fructooligosaccharides

- galactooligosaccharides

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19
Q

What are 3 examples of polysaccharides?

A
  • starch
  • cellulose
  • glycogen
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20
Q

Which type of glycosidic bond is in carbohydrates which are digestible by mammalian enzymes?

A
  • alpha
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21
Q

Which type of glycosidic bond is in carbohydrates that are digestible by bacterial enzymes?

A
  • beta
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22
Q

What are some example of carbs that contain alpha bonds?

A
  • sucrose
  • maltose
  • lactose
  • starch
  • glycogen
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23
Q

What are some examples of carbohydrates that contain beta bonds?

A
  • oligosaccharides

- non starch polysaccharides (cellulose, hemi cellulose, pectin)

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24
Q

How do NSPs relate to dietary fiber?

A

NSP + lignin = dietary fiber

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25
Q

Do glucose and VFA provide the same amount of energy when absorbed?

A

no, glucose is preferential as VFAs must be converted

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26
Q

What are the 3 types of starch?

A
  • rapidly digestible starch
  • slowly digestible starch
  • resistant starch
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27
Q

What 3 things does the amount of starch type depend on?

A
  • starch source
  • starch type
  • extent of processing
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28
Q

What is the difference between the 3 types of starch?

A
  • ratio of amylose to amylopectin

- high amylose = highly resistant

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29
Q

What are some examples of starch sources?

A

corn, wheat, rice, barley, oats, potatoes, pulses

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30
Q

What are the 5 functions of carbohydrates?

A
  • energy, source of heat, DNA and RNA framework, building block for other nutrients, storage of energy
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31
Q

How is energy produced from carbohydrates?

A

TCA cycle

32
Q

Define prebiotics

A

a selectively fermented ingredient that allows specific changes, both in the composition and activity of the GI microflora that confers benefits upon host well being and health

33
Q

Can mammals digest probiotics?

A
  • contain beta bonds so mammals cannot
34
Q

What are the 4 functions of dietary fibre

A
  • increase in bulk and water in intestinal contents
  • regulate normal bowel function
  • fermentation end products important in maintaining colon health
  • fermentation decreases colonic health
35
Q

What is one disadvantage of fibre?

A

may interfere in other absorption of nutrients

36
Q

What do you need to produce fermentation end products?

A

energy (fibre) and nitrogen

37
Q

Do dogs and cats have a protein requirement?

A

nooo they have an AA requirement

38
Q

What is the first limiting amino acid in a plant based diet?

A

lysine

39
Q

What are some essential AAs?

A
  • phenylalanine
  • lysine
  • isoleucine
  • leucine
  • valine
  • methionine
40
Q

What are some conditionally essential AAs?

A
  • cysteine, glutamine, tyrosine
41
Q

What are some non essential AAs?

A
  • alanine
  • glycine
  • proline
  • serine
42
Q

What is another name for taurine?

A
  • beta amino sulfonic acid
43
Q

Why is taurine important in cat diets?

A
  • normally made in all animals but cats cannot make enough as rapid AA metabolism
  • needed for taurocholic acid and critical element of opsin (eye function)
44
Q

What are some biological functions of proteins?

A
  • principal organic chemical constituents of body organs and soft tissues
  • cell membrane structure and function
  • enzymes
  • hormones
  • immune factors (antibodies)
  • fluid balance
  • acid base balance
  • transport
  • source of energy and glucose
45
Q

Describe the concept of the first limiting amino acid.

A
  • Protein synthesis cannot proceed without an adequate supply of all AAs that contribute to the primary structure of that protein
  • protein synthesis stops when not enough of one amino acid
46
Q

What is ‘biological value’ of proteins?

A
  • the ability of a specific dietary protein to supply amino acids in the relative amounts required for protein synthesis by body tissues
  • influenced by AA composition
  • varies with species, physiological and nutritional status
47
Q

What is an ideal protein?

A
  • biological value = 100
  • egg
  • AAs in perfect balance relative to AA requirements of the animal
48
Q

What are some examples of sources of protein?

A
  • eggs
  • meat
  • milk
  • pulses
  • seeds
49
Q

Define lipids

A

Organic substances that are insoluble in water and soluble in organic substances

50
Q

What are the 5 major lipid classes?

A
  • fatty acids
  • triglycerides
  • phospholipids
  • sterols
  • waxes
51
Q

What are 5 functions of lipids?

A
  • energy
  • energy storage
  • essential fatty acids
  • fat soluble vitamin absorption
  • insulation
52
Q

Where is fat stored in the body?

A
  • adipose tissue
53
Q

What type of fat is storage fat?

A

saturated and monounsaturated

54
Q

poly unsaturated fatty acids are usually fats high in what kind f acid?

A

linoleic

55
Q

What are some sources of fat?

A
  • fat stores of land/marine animals
  • seed oils
  • nuts
  • eggs
56
Q

What are the main fat sources for dogs and cats?

A

plant based

57
Q

The longer the fatty acid chain, the more ______.

A
  • more water insoluble
  • solid at room temp (higher melting point)
  • decrease in volatility
58
Q

What kind of fatty acids do dogs and cats not like?

A

medium chain fatty acids

59
Q

Where are short chain fatty acids produced in the body?

A
  • large intestine/cecum
60
Q

Are long chain saturated fatty acids more or less digestible?

A
  • less
61
Q

Why do poly unsaturated fatty acids require more dietary vitamin E?

A

because of double bonds, they are oxidized more easily (become rancid)

62
Q

What are the 3 classes of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

omega 3/6/9

63
Q

Do trans and cis double bonds lead to straight or bent fatty acids?

A
  • trans = relatively straight

- cis = bent (more space = less packed)

64
Q

What are the 2 essential fatty acids?

A 
linoleic acid (omega 6) 
alpha-linolenic acid (omega 3)
65
Q

What are the functions of omega 6 essential fatty acids?

A
  • growth
  • reproduction
  • eicosanoid/prostaglandin synthesis
  • cell membrane fluidity and skin health
66
Q

What are the functions of omega 3 essential fatty acids?

A
  • brain and retinal function

- cell membrane fluidity and skin health

67
Q

What are some essential fatty acid deficiency problems?

A
  • reduced growth

- reproduction problems

68
Q

How can you determine the gross energy content in food?

A
  • bomb calorimeter
  • burning of food
  • measurement of amount of heat released
69
Q

What is the unit of measure for energy?

A
  • joule or calorie

- 1 calorie is the amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree

70
Q

What are some advantages of the net energy system?

A
  • more precise than ME and DE
  • actual energy amount that is available to the body from digestion and metabolism of feed
  • efficiency of energy utilization
71
Q

What are some disadvantages of the NE system?

A
  • more experimental data needed

- heat loss must be measured

72
Q

What energy systems are used in livestock and pets?

A
  • livestock: all 3

- pets: ME

73
Q

Define basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

the energy requirement for a normal animal in a thermoneutral environment, awake but without movement (resting) and in a postaborptive (fasting) state

74
Q

Define resting fed metabolic rate (RFMR)

A
  • the energy requirement for a normal but unfasten animal at rest in a thermoneutral environment
  • included energy needed for digestion, absorption and metabolism of food (heat increment)
75
Q

What does thermoneutral mean?

A
  • no extra energy required to maintain body temp
76
Q

Define maintenance energy requirement (MER)

A
  • the energy requirement of a moderately active adult anima in a thermoneutral environment
  • includes energy needed for obtaining, digesting and absorbing food in amounts to maintain body weight as well as energy for spontaneous activity
  • does not include energy needed to support additional activity (work, gestation, lactation and growth)

An Sc 464 (26 decks)

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