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An Sc 464 > 3b Digestive Physiology of Horses > Flashcards

3b Digestive Physiology of Horses Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the GI tract?

A
  • digestion and absorption
  • microbiome
  • immunity
  • secretions and excretion
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2
Q

Horses have a similar GI anatomy compared to which animal?

A

pig

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3
Q

How much the the horse GI tract weigh?

A
  • 500kg
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4
Q

How long is the SI?

A

20-24m

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5
Q

How long is the LI?

A

9-10m

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6
Q

How does horse absorb microbial protein?

A
  • some essential amino acid absorption occurs in handgun
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7
Q

What macronutrient is the horse best adapted for to utilize?

A
  • fibre
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8
Q

What is the purpose of saliva?

A
  • secretion stimulated by mastication
  • contains small amount of bicarbonate
  • provides buffer against stomach acid
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9
Q

How many teeth do horses have?

A
  • 36

- 12 incisors, 12 premolars, 12 molars

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10
Q

What 3 regions is the stomach divided into? what do they do?

A
  • oesophageal region (squamous epithelium)
  • fundic region (glandular epithelium, parietal cells HCl, zymogen cells pepsin)
  • pyloric region (glandular epithelium, gastrin)
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11
Q

Where can microbial fermentation occur in the stomach?

A
  • oesophageal and fundic region
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12
Q

What is the emptying time of the horse compared to dogs and cats?

A
  • horse 120 min
  • dog 5-10 hours
  • cat 3-6 hours
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13
Q

What is the function of the exocrine pancreas?

A
  • secretes enzymes and bicarbonate salts into the gut

- enzymes: inactive proteases, lipases and amylases

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14
Q

What is the function of the endocrine pancreas?

A
  • secrete hormones into blood

- hormones: insulin, glucagon

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15
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A
  • produce bile which drains into SI to emulsify fat

- NO GALL BLADDER

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16
Q

Why the adaptive feature of missing a gall bladder?

A
  • diet lower in fat so less need to large secretion of bile

- eat more frequently so don’t need a collection organ

17
Q

Describe the caecum.

A
  • very large (1m, 25-35L capacity)
  • microbial population
  • responsible for microbial synthesis of SCFA and protein
18
Q

Describe the large intestine of the horse.

A
  • 4 large compartments and 3 major flexures
  • right ventral colon (sternal flexure), left ventral colon (pelvic flexure), left dorsal colon (diaphragmatic flexure), right dorsal colon
  • small colon ends in rectum
19
Q

How do small and large intestinal histology differ?

A
  • large intestine contains no villi and deeper crypts
20
Q

What are the ways the intestine increases capacity?

A
  • coiling
  • folds
  • villi
  • microvilli
21
Q

What are the enzymes involved in protein digestion and where do they originate

A
  • stomach: pepsin
  • pancreas: trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase
  • intestine: aminopeptidases, dipeptidases, tripeptidases
22
Q

Why are di and tri peptides absorbed into enterocytes as well as single amino acids?

A
  • more efficient as di and trip peptides take same amount of energy to absorb as single AA
23
Q

How are AA transported?

A
  • different transport systems based on AA classification

- most AA transport is active transport

24
Q

What are the enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion, where do they originate, what is their action?

A
  • pancreas: a-amylase (starch)

- intestine: glucoamylase (alpha-limit dextrins), maltase (maltose), isomaltase (maltotriose), sucrase (sucrose)

25
Q

How are carbs absorbed?

A
  • sodium dependent transporter

- some diffusion, mostly active transport

26
Q

What enzyme digests fat?

A
  • lipase from pancreas

- breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides

27
Q

How are fats absorbed?

A
  • lymph
28
Q

In what order are SCFAs absorbed in the large intestine?

A

acetate > propionate > butyrate

29
Q

How much energy do horses acquire from SCFA?

A

50-70%

30
Q

Why is a horse micro biome very sensitive to dietary change?

A
  • micro biome needs to titrate

- dogs and cats rely less on micro biome and can adapt to large diet changes quicker

31
Q

What are the 3 ways in which SCFA are absorbed?

A
  • passive
  • facilitated
  • symporter
32
Q

How do SCFA interact with the pancreas?

A
  • provide signals to islets which regulate insulin release

An Sc 464 (26 decks)

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