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An Sc 464 > 6a Life Cycle Nutrition of Horses 2 > Flashcards

6a Life Cycle Nutrition of Horses 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 parts make up the heat increment?

A
  1. heat of product formation
  2. health of digestion and absorption
  3. heat of waste formation and excretion
  4. heat of fermentation
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2
Q

How long is the estrus cycle of the horse?

A

22 days

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3
Q

What is the estrus cycle influenced by?

A

photoperiod
nutrition
physiological condition
environmental temperature

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4
Q

What is the season for seasonal polyestrous?

A
  • inherited trait

- better to be foaling in spring when there is adequate pasture

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5
Q

What is a footcandle and how much is needed to stimulate cycling?

A
  • measure of light intensity
  • the illuminance cast on a surface by a one candela source one foot away
  • 10 foot candles 16h a day
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6
Q

Describe the estrous cycle of the broodmare.

A
  • pineal gland stimulated by light and reduced melatonin production
  • increases in GRH
  • LSH and FH stimulate follicle to develop
  • at peak estrogen, follicle ovulates
  • corpus luteum produces progesterone
  • if no pregnancy detected, PF2a stimulates lysis of CL
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7
Q

Where are 6 body sites to determine fat deposition?

A
  • tailhead
  • crease down loin
  • along withers
  • along neck
  • ribs
  • behind shoulder
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8
Q

Describe gestation

A
  • 335-345 days
  • winter conception has longer gestation period due to photoperiod in last 3 months
  • can shorten gestation by 11d with 16h light
  • BCS very important (>5 BCS)
  • protein and energy requirements not completely determined
  • deficiencies can be partly offset (mare can adjust to situations)
  • ideal = gain12-15% above normal BW
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9
Q

What are the effects of an optimum BCS?

A
  • increased fertility
  • increased milk yield
  • increased health
  • will have shorter follicular phase, increased cycles and shorter winter inserts
  • low BCS leads to longer anestrus due to decreased hormone levels
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10
Q

What 5 things do energy requirements during pregnancy go towards?

A
  1. maintenance of dam
  2. deposition of fetal and placental tissue
  3. hypertrophy of the uterus
  4. mammary development
  5. maintenance of accumulated tissues
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11
Q

When does tissue accretion occur during gestation?

A
  • fetal and non fetal accretion greatly increases after d150
  • most fetal tissues accumulated in last 60 days od gestation
  • non fetal tissue is very metabolically active
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12
Q

What are the energy requirements during pregnancy?

A
  • met by DEm for first 5 months
  • months 5-8 increase by 11%
  • month 9 increase by 15%
  • month 10 increase by 21%
  • month 11 increase by 28%
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13
Q

What happens with mares who have BCS <5?

A
  1. delayed estrous
  2. reduced conception
  3. embryonic death
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14
Q

What other factors may affect energy requirements during gestation?

A
  • temperature
  • food availability
  • nutrient quality
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15
Q

Protein requirements during pregnancy.

A
  • too little can caught weight loss or early fetal loss
  • fetal weight gain related to gestational age
  • conception to 4th month: average CP requirement
  • month 5 until parturition: maintenance + fetal gain
  • lysine requirement 4.3% of CP requirement
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16
Q

What are some other mineral requirements for pregnancy?

A
  • increased requirements of Ca, P, Mg and K during late gestation because non fetal tissue accretion
  • increase vitamin A and E to 2x maintenance
17
Q

Feeding during parturition

A
  • 24h before birth, feed intake should be reduced (good quality hay, low quality cereal, bran assists in digestion)
  • after parturition, energy and protein needs must be met (first feed be bran mash, then feed with cereal and protein)
  • restrict concentrate feeding to 10 days post datum to avoid excess milk secretion and Gi disturbances in foal
  • too much milk can cause fermentation in foal gut
18
Q

How does milk production change after gestation?

A
  • first few days 5-15kg/d
  • months 2-3 10-20kg/d
  • month 5: 5-10kg/d
19
Q

What 5 things are milk yield influenced by?

A
  1. feed consumption during late gestation
  2. Feed quality
  3. water availability
  4. nutrient and energy intake
  5. breed, nursing frequency, BCS
20
Q

Describe energy requirements during lactation.

A
  • DE maintenance + DE milk production
  • month 1-2: 75% increase
  • month 3-4: 62-66% increase
  • month 5-6: 50-55% increase
21
Q

Describe protein requirement during lactation

A

elevated CP requirement + milk production

- lysine requirement = CP x 4.3% + milk production

22
Q

Describe calcium requirements for lactation

A
  • demand for Ca
  • mares lose bone density during first 3 months of lactation
  • Ca requirements decreases as months of lactation pass
23
Q

Describe P, Mg and K requirements during lactation.

A
  • reduction in requirements as lactation decreases

- encourages weaning

24
Q

What are some factors that would increase energy requirements of stallions?

A
  • they are breeding!
  • extra energy if lots of live cover
  • DE requirement depends on breeding frequency
  • limited research but recommend 20% higher
25
Q

What are some physical signs of aging?

A
  • chronically low body condition score
  • loss of muscle mass
  • sway backed appearance
  • gray coat
  • dental disease
26
Q

What are some general considerations of aged horses?

A
  • large metabolic changes in older horses
  • dental abnormalities common in older horses (alter physical form to increase digestibility, feed chopped hay, soak hay or hay cubes in water, supplement oil)
27
Q

Energy requirement of aged horses

A
  • MER lower in aged animals because reduction in lean tissue
  • MER relationship to age undefined in horses
28
Q

Protein requirements in aged horses.

A
  • suggest there is a decline wit aging
  • requirements undetermined
  • lower CP digestibility in aged vs young horses
29
Q

Other nutrient requirements of aged horses?

A
  • uninvestigated

- but supplement vitamin B as reduced microbial fermentation

An Sc 464 (26 decks)

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