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An Sc 464 > 5a Nutrient Requirements of Horses 2 > Flashcards

5a Nutrient Requirements of Horses 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How much body weight do horses carry on their front limbs?

A

60-65%

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2
Q

What are the 3 muscle fibre types and what are they for?

A

type 1: slow twitch for endurance; beta oxidation of fat

type 2A and 2X: fast twitch for sprint; glucose

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3
Q

Describe the respiration rate during gallop?

A

1 breath: 1 stride

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4
Q

Why would horses require a reserve of red blood cells?

A
  • blood cells can be released from the spleen during exercise
  • higher capacity to carry oxygen, more oxygen to muscles
  • natural blood doping
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5
Q

How does exercise affect bones?

A
  • remodelling of long skeletal bones
  • risk of micro fractures and injury if intensity increased too rapidly
  • full bone turnover takes approximately 6 months
  • bone tissue becomes more active and as a result, reduction in bone density
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6
Q

What factors affect exercise?

A
  • duration
  • intensity (speed, ground resistance, incline)
  • other (number and height of jumping efforts, performance of extended and collected gaits, amount of weight carried or pulled)
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7
Q

Describe the energy requirement of exercising horses?

A
  • energy for maintenance + energy for daily exercise effort
  • variable depending on: horse, level of training, type of exercise, rider weight and experience, climate, ground conditions)
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8
Q

Describe the ‘light’ exercise category.

A
  • 1-3 hours/week

- recreational riding

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9
Q

Describe the ‘moderate’ exercise category.

A
  • 3-5 hours/week

- school horses, polo, ranch work

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10
Q

Describe the ‘heavy’ category of work.

A
  • 4-5 hours/week

- frequent show horses, race training

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11
Q

Describe the ‘very heavy’ category of work.

A
  • ranges from 1hr/week of speed work to 6-12hr/week of slow work
  • racing, elite 3 day event
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12
Q

What is oxygen utilization closely related to, and what is it used to measure?

A
  • closed related to heart rate
  • used to measure energy expenditure
  • linearly related to speed
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13
Q

What does oxygen utilization for account for at high heart rates?

A
  • does not account for anaerobic energy
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14
Q

Describe the relationship between heart rate, oxygen utilization and energy utilization.

A
  • HR increases linearly

- exponential increases in oxygen utilization and energy utilization

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15
Q

What are the energy requirement equations for each level of exercise?

A
  • light work: DE = (0.0333 x BW) x 1.3
  • moderate: DE = (0.0333 x BW) x 1.4
  • heavy: DE = (0.333 x BW) x 1.6
  • very heavy: DE = (0.0363 x BW) x 1.9
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16
Q

Why does carb use increase as exercise intensity increases?

A
  • recruitment of fast twitch muscle fibres
17
Q

Where are carbohydrates derived from during exercise?

A
  • muscle glycogen, blood glucose, hepatic glycogenolysis or hepatic gluconeogenesis
  • muscle glycogen depletion related to exercise intensity and duration
18
Q

Does ‘carb loading’ work in horses?

A
  • muscles have a certain capacity to capture glycogen so only works to a certain extent
19
Q

At 68 hr post exercise, what percentage of muscle glycogen is replenished?

A
  • 85%

- more desirable to enhance fat utilization and spare glycogen

20
Q

What feed types would replenish glycogen faster?

A
  • starch digested as glucose

- grains like oats or sugar

21
Q

How is fat supplementation believed to affect glucose?

A
  • glucose sparing effect
  • response may only occur during low and moderate exercise
  • requires 2-3 months for full adaptation
  • true effects undetermined
22
Q

What is another name for omega 6 fatty acids and what does it form?

A
  • linoleic acid

- arachidonic acid

23
Q

What is another name for omega 3 fatty acid and what does it form?

A
  • alpha-linolenic acid

- forms EPA and DHA

24
Q

What are some of the beneficial responses of supplementation of EPA and DHA?

A
  • alters cell membrane of platelets, erythrocytes, neutrophils and monocytes
  • increase fluidity of red blood cells
  • decrease inflammatory response
  • reduction in omega 6 and increase in omega 3 related to decrease in prostaglandins and dampening of inflammation
25
Q

How does exercise affect plasma concentrations of branched chain AA?

A
  • increases it

- oxidized for energy

26
Q

Are there any detrimental effects of high protein intake on performance?

A
  • none proven
  • may reduce glycogen
  • may excess capacity of urea cycle
27
Q

Why does exercise require increased protein?

A
  • developing and repairing muscle

- must also account for N loss in sweat

28
Q

What is the lysine requirement?

A

4.3 x CP requirement

29
Q

What is the importance of calcium, phosphorous and magnesium in exercise?

A
  • all required for bone development
  • increased requirement met through additional feed for energy
  • must be accompanied by exercise for metabolism
30
Q

What is the role of potassium, sodium and chloride in exercise?

A
  • increased requirements to replace loss in swear
  • met through increased intake to meet energy requirements
  • can provide electrolyte supplement if necessary
31
Q

What vitamin requirements are there for working horses?

A
  • none…

- most likely met through increased feed intake

32
Q

Water can account for what percentage of body weight loss during performance?

A

3.6-7.7%

33
Q

How does sweat change in a dry versus humid environment?

A

hot, dry: 1.5L/100kg BW

hot, humid: 2-2.5L/100kg BW

34
Q

How does water intake change with exercise?

A
  • can increase 2-3 fold over maintenance requirement

- ranges from 36-92L per day

35
Q

What are 4 disorders associated with exercise?

A
  • gastric ulcers
  • post exhaustion syndrome
  • exertional rhabdomyolysis syndrome
  • polysaccharide storage myopathy
36
Q

Describe gastric ulcers.

A
  • erosion (lesions) of the squamous mucosa
  • due to exposure to gastric acid, undissociated VFA
  • reduces appetit, causes pain after eating
  • effects 40-90% of performance horses
  • raises to 100% in actively racing TB
  • prevention: decrease size of carb meals, more grazing, lower starch, higher oil/fiber
37
Q

Describe post exhaustion syndrome.

A
  • muscle stiffness occurring 2-4 days after exercise
  • causes reluctance to move
  • due to muscular accumulation of lactate, depletion of glycogen
  • prevention: add electrolytes, feed calcium carbonate, alter training t increase conditioning, adequate slow cool down, administer IV
38
Q

Describe exertional rhabdomyolysis syndrome.

A
  • muscle pain and cramping associated with exercise
  • can be sporadic or chronic
  • occurs during or immediately after exercise
  • in TB, associated with defect in intercellular calcium regulation
  • prevention: reduce dietary starch, increase dietary fat
39
Q

Describe polysaccharide storage myopathy.

A
  • characterized by high concentrations of glycogen and glucose-6-phosphate in muscle
  • clinical signs: exercise intolerance, muscle stiffness, back pain, shifting lameness, gait changes, muscle atrophy, camped out stance, colic signs
  • prevention: feed minimum of 1.5% BW as forage, remove concentrates containing grain and molasses, use alternative energy sources, implement daily exercise regimen

An Sc 464 (26 decks)

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