11a Nutritional Diseases and Wellness Diets 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 2 types of food sensitivities?
A
- food allergy (hypersensitivity)
2. food intolerance
2
Q
What is a food allergy?
A
- adverse reactions to food that have an immunologic basis
3
Q
What is a food intolerance?
A
- adverse reactions to food due to nonimmunologic mechanism
4
Q
Food allergy constitutes how much of allergic responses in dogs and cats?
A
10-20%
5
Q
What are the symptoms of food sensitivity?
A
- skin: pruritis, self inflicted alopecia, eosinophilic plaques, indolent ulcers of the lip in some cats
- digestive tract: vomiting, small bowel diarrhea, large bowel diarrhea
- clinical signs 4-24h after consumption of food with offending antigen
- allergens are generally large proteins (beef, dairy products, fish and gluten)
6
Q
What are the 3 steps of diagnosing allergic disease?
A
- feeding an elimination diet and demonstrating a decrease of elimination of clinical signs
- ‘Challenging’ the animal with the original diet and observing a return of clinical signs
- Feeding select ingredients to identify the specific dietary component to which the animal is allergic
7
Q
How to select an elimination diet?
A
- contains novel protein and carb sources
e. g. cat: lamb and barley, dog: fish and potato, horse: timothy hay - feed for 8-10 weeks and observe for diminishing clinical signs of hypersensitivity
8
Q
How to manage hypersensitivity?
A
- diet that is nutritionally complete and balanced and does not contain the food allergens to which the animal reacts must be fed exclusively
- additional treats and human foods should not be fed unless they are known to be free of the allergen
9
Q
What are 4 non-allergen diet considerations?
A
- Reduced number of novel, highly digestibility protein sources or contain protein hydrolysate
- avoid protein excesses
- avoid additives and vasoactive amines
- be nutritionally adequate for the animal’s life stage and condition
10
Q
What are some recommended ingredients for homemade elimination foods?
A
- 1 carb and 1 protein source
- feline: lamb baby food, lamb, rice and rabbit
- canine: rice, potato, lamb, fish, rabbit, venison and tofu
- not relevant for equine nutrition
11
Q
Describe obesity.
A
- most common form of malnutrition in companion animals
- changes in lifestyle to sedentary companions
- overconsumption of calories (excess body fat deposition, increased ratio of fat to lean tissue)
- animals in positive balance for extended period of time (energy intake increases, energy expenditure decreases)
- excessive body fat has detrimental effects on health and longevity
12
Q
How do we assess obesity in companion animals?
A
- weigh them
- machines to determine fat mass
13
Q
Define above optimal, overweight and obese animals
A
- above optimal: 1-9% above optimal weight
- overweight: 10-19% above optimal weight
- obese: >20% above optimal weight
14
Q
What are 5 risk factors for obesity?
A
- breed: high incidence in dogs (cocker spaniels, labs, sheepdogs)
- gender and gonadectomy: female more at risk, neutered cats and dogs more at risk
- age: decreases in energy requirement, older dogs and horses, middle aged cats have highest incidence as old lose weight and young are active
- physical activity: individual temperament or daily energy expenditure
- type of diet fed: caloric consumption of foods, overconsumption of highly palatable foods, free choice feeding
- OWNER IN CONTROL
15
Q
How do you calculate daily energy intake for weight loss?
A
- calculate ME requirement at current weight
- multiply by 60 or 70%
- then determine how many cups based on how many kcal/cup
16
Q
What can you do to deal with a hungry animal?
A
- spread out meals (multiple, smaller meals)
- change diet
- 0% fat is unpalatable
- reduce fat and add fibre
17
Q
Describe weight loss diets for cats.
A
- should be fed commercial cat food formulated for weight loss as restricting normal maintenance diet may result in nutrient deficiencies
- commercial diets for weight loss decrease fat content to 8-12% DM basis, increases amount of complex carbs, increase indigestible fibre (may not reduce voluntary energy consumption)
18
Q
Why does fibre help with satiety?
A
- gut hormones respond to SCFA production and signals satiety response in brain
19
Q
What could happen with too much fermentable fibre
A
- overproduction of gas
- decreased cecal consistency
20
Q
Describe weight loss diets for dogs.
A
- complex carbs excellent source of energy (lower in energy than fat and high digestible)
- weight loss diets have fewer calories but same digestibility, no increased defecation as with high fibre diets
- fibre diets create bulk to decreases appetite
21
Q
What are some adverse side effects to fibre diets?
A
- reduced nutrient digestibility
- poor skin and hair coat quality
- poor diet palatability and acceptance
22
Q
Describe weight loss diets for horses.
A
- dependent on individual horse status
- lower amount of ratio for high calorie diets, consumer diet containing lower energy concentration, increase energy expenditure through exercise
- dietary changes are easiest to implement: reduce level of non fibrous carb and fat, feed more fibre, beed bulkier feedstuffs such as grass hay, restrict grazing of lush pictures
- ALWAYS adjust diet to ensure adequate intake of other associated nutrients
23
Q
What are some metabolic alterations associated with obesity?
A
- hyperlipidemia
- insulin resistance
- laminitis
- glucose intolerance
- hepatic lipidosis
24
Q
What are some functional alterations associated with obesity?
A
- joint stress
- hypertension
- dystopia
- exercise intolerance
- decreased immune function
25
Q
What are some endocrinopathies associated with obesity?
A
- hyperthyroidism
- diabetes mellitus
26
Q
What are some other diseases related to obesity?
A
- orthopaedic issues
- cardiovascular disease
- transitional cell carcinoma (bladder)
- mesenteric lipomas (colic in horse)
27
Q
Describe diabetes mellitus.
A
- chronic endocrone disorder caused by altered glucose metabolism, usually as a result of either relative or absolute deficiency of insulin
28
Q
Type 1 diabetes
A
- abrupt onset
- absolute lack of endogenous insulin production by the pancreas
- result of immune mediated destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells
- need for regular administration of exogenous insulin for survival
29
Q
type 2 diabetes
A
- slow onset
- impaired insulin secretion and cellular resistance to circulating insulin
- insulin resistance: elevated concentration of circulating insulin is needed to maintain blood glucose levels adequately
- over time, resistance to insulin worsens, persistent hyperglycemia develops
- deposition of amyloid in islet cells of pancreas (precipitation product of pancreatic peptide amylin that is co secreted with insulin)
30
Q
Clinical symptoms of diabetes
A
- related to short or long term hyperglycaemia (results in glucose toxicity)
- increased water consumption (polydypsia)
- increased urination (polyuria)
- occasionally weight loss
- if uncorrected, diabetes can lead to renal disease, neurological disorders and development of cataracts
31
Q
What are some risk factors for diabetes in cats?
A
- age, obesity, inactivity
- neutered males higher risk than intact females and males
- siamese and burmese breeds higher risk
- most common type 2, but 70% need insulin therapy to survive
- reason: amyloid deposition impairs insulin production
32
Q
Describe dietary management for cats with diabetes
A
- lifelong treatment
- most need insulin, small number can be treated with diet alone
- weight reduction and control
- minimize postprandial blood glucose fluctuations
- feed cat food with fixed formulation and complex carb source
- portion controlled meal feeding
- meal offered prior to insulin
- periodic monitoring of blood glucose levels
33
Q
Risk factors of diabetes related to dogs?
A
- related to obesity
- age, sex, hormonal abnormalities
- female dogs greater risk
- breeds like schnauzer, keeshond, samoyed
- type 1 most common
- 10-20% type 2 (weight loss often returns to normal)
34
Q
Dietary management of diabetes in dogs.
A
- lifelong treatment
- complex carbs should make up 40-50% of calories (barley, sorghum and corn)
- avoid rice
- food should contain fermentable fibre blend to aid with glycemic control
- fat moderately restricted
- high quality dog food
- portion controlled meals at consistent times
- meal offered before insulin
- feeding time regulated to coincide with peak insulin action
35
Q
Describe diabetes in horses
A
- rarely develops, although insulin resistance common with obesity
- pancreatic secretion of insulin rarely fails during lifespan of horse
- most common in older horses
- insulin resistance leads to laminitis, PPID and osteochondrosis
36
Q
Dietary management of diabetes in horses
A
- lifelong treatment required
- provide meals at intervals to avoid large glucose response
- avoid high starch diets (forage of lower quality like 1st cut)
- some insulin sensitizing drugs available
37
Q
What is hepatic lipidosis in cats?
A
- excessive accumulation of triglycerides in hepatic cells which interfere with liver function
- common liver disorder in cats with very high mortality rate
- affects female cats more
- associated with obesity and diabetes
- clinical signs: anorexia, depression, jaundice, weight loss, muscular wasting, occasional vomiting and diarrhea
- reversible but requires aggressive treatment
38
Q
Dietary management of hepatic lipidosis.
A
- early diagnosis and immediate nutritional therapy
- most effective treatment high protein, energy dense formulated diet
- 30-50% protein, 30-50% fat, 20-30% carb
- anorexia may persist for months and may require tube feeding
- for long term treatment, provide feed that prevents obesity or promotes weight loss
39
Q
What is laminitis in horses
A
- systemic disease resulting from failure of the attachment between dermal and epidermal laminae junction in foot
- affects 10% of horses during lifetime
40
Q
What are the 4 phases of laminitis?
A
- developmental: period between initial causative insult and first appearance of lameness (24-60 hours)
- acute: follows developmental phase and can manifest in no physical damage (within 72h) or result in rotation of distal phalanx
- subacute: follows acute phase with absence of physical damage and considered recovery period (8-12 weeks)
- chronic: follows acute phase with rotation and results in horse having mechanical collapse of foot
41
Q
Dietary management of laminitis.
A
- obesity and insulin resistance results in metabolic changes that activate metallic matrix metalloproteinases which leads to breakdown and separation of laminae
- start weight loss program to minimize stress on food
- rapidly fermentable starches should be avoided
- avoid forage rich in water soluble CHO
- feed rations with lower caloric density
- IMPORTANTLY feed diets which do not disturb cecal micro biome!
