10c Ingredients in Petfoods 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What are some ingredient categories for nutritional value?
A
- mineral and vitamin supplements
- chondroprotective agents, antioxidants
- probiotics, enzymes
- herbs and botanicals
- prebiotics
2
Q
What are some ingredient categories for technical or non nutritive effects?
A
- preservatives
- flavours and extracts
- colours
3
Q
dicalcium phosphate.
A
- obtained from degreased bones which are demineralized by hydrochloric acid treatment and precipitated by saturated lime solution
- to provide minerals Ca and P (strong bones and teeth, Ca regulates heartbeat and other muscle contractions, phosphorous plays role in body’s energy production)
- too much Ca inhibits absorption of other nutrients and may lead to kidney stones
- elimination of CNA is critical due to BSE
4
Q
Why were vitamin and mineral premixes developed?
A
- to ensure animal receives proper amounts
- need to mix very well or may cause excess or deficiency of certain vitamins or minerals
5
Q
What is bioavailability and give example?
A
how much of a nutrient can be used by the animal to support metabolic functions
- oxides poorly available, sulphate better available
6
Q
What kind of bioavailability data do we have?
A
- swine data base
- companion animal data sorely lacking
7
Q
What is another limitation for bioavailability?
A
- phytate = complex compound that binds P, other minerals and even starch
- thus, P digestibility is low in plant products
8
Q
sodium chloride
A
- AAFCO recommends 0.3% sodium for dogs and 0.2% sodium for cats for normal growth and development
- too much sodium: increased thirst, swelling in body which puts strain on circulatory system and kidneys, vomiting diarrhea and seizures may indicate sodium ion poisoning
- too little salt can cause life threatening dehydration
9
Q
DL-methionine.
A
- precursor of cysteine which can then be converted into taurine
- can be converted into glutathione, an important physiological antioxidant
- urinary acidifier to prevent UTIs and bladder stones
- important for skin and coat condition, eye health, heart health and more
- vitally important to long term health of dog and cat
- side effects loss of appetite, vomiting or diarrhea
10
Q
taurine
A
- sometimes called amino acid, and is am amino containing acid, but not AA is usually biochemical meaning
- exclusively found in animal based proteins
- absent in cereal grains
- essential for cat
- fundamental biological roles: conjugation of bile acids, anti oxidation, osmoregulation, membrane stabilization and modulation of calcium signalling
- critical for normal vision, normal digestion, normal heart muscle function, to maintain normal pregnancy and fetal development and to maintain healthy immune system
11
Q
choline chloride
A
- to supply choline
- methyl donor in reactions involving methionine, folic acid, vitamin B12, glycine and serine
- key component of cell membrane phospholipids
- vital part of neurotransmitter molecule acetylcholine
- lipotropic agent in fat utilization and lipid signalling
- deficiency: results in weight loss, vomiting, fatty liver and even death
- hygroscopic
12
Q
chondroprotective agents
A
- retard degradation of cartilage
- promote chondrocyte metabolism in the treatment of osteoarthritis in dogs and cats
- widespread inclusion for healthy pets may not be warranted
- glucosamine: derived from hydrolysis of chitin, found in crab and shrimp shells in hydrochloride form; also in sulfated form chondroitin sulphate
13
Q
Antioxidants
A
- reduce oxidative damage, free radical formation (cats appear more prone to oxidative injury)
- vitamin E: protects lipid rich cell membrane, essential because cannot be synthesized in body
- vitamin C non essential
- mineral dependent antioxidants: trace minerals, selenium, copper, zinc, manganese
- beta carotene and other carotenoids (precursor for vitamin A in dogs but not cats)
- S-adenosylmethionine (SAM): precursor of glutathione, support liver function
14
Q
probiotics
A
- direct-fed microbial (lactobacillus, bifidobacterium, aspergillus, influence gut flora to compete against salmonella and e.coli)
- promoting intestinal health
- dogs and cats prone to digestive sensitivity like soft stool or diarrhea may benefit from food containing prebiotics and probiotics
- enzymes like phytase but rarely used in pet food
- sensitive to loss due to processing and storage
15
Q
herbs and botanicals
A
- whole form, to provide macronutrients (minor)
- to provide flavour (major)
- pharmacologic rather than nutritional function
- potential safety concern
