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An Sc 464 > 3a Review of Nutrients 2 > Flashcards

3a Review of Nutrients 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How much water is in the body?

A

40-80%

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2
Q

What are the 3 main sources of water?

A
  • drinking water
  • water in food
  • metabolism
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3
Q

How is water produced in metabolism?

A
  • glucose oxidation

- carbon dioxide and water released

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4
Q

What are the 5 main losses of water?

A
  • urine
  • feces
  • respiration
  • sweat
  • milk
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5
Q

What are the largest and 2nd largest losses of water?

A
  1. urine (75-85%)

2. feces

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6
Q

Why do cats produce more concentrated urine?

A
  • originated from desert

- water conservation

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7
Q

What are the 4 main functions of water?

A
  • solvent in which substances are dissolved and transported (ion balance, transport, eliminate waste products)
  • necessary for chemical reactions that involve hydrolysis
  • regulation of body temperature (evaporative cooling like panting)
  • provides shape and resilience to body
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8
Q

What 2 systems regulate the amount of water in the body?

A
  • neural and endocrine
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9
Q

What is dehydration?

A

lack of water in body tissue

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10
Q

How much water loss needs to occur to be thirsty?

A

> 1%

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11
Q

What is water intoxication called?

A

hydremia

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12
Q

What happens to body cells during dehydration?

A
  • cells shrink and die
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13
Q

What are the 6 main things that define a vitamin

A
  • required in very small amounts
  • not metabolic fuels or structural nutrients
  • involved in fundamental functions of the body
  • regulators of reactions (catalysts)
  • absence must cause a deficiency syndrome
  • not synthesized in sufficient quantities to support normal physiologic function
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14
Q

How many water and fat soluble vitamins are there in humans?

A
  • 10 water soluble

- 4 fat soluble

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15
Q

What vitamin is essential in only in primates, guinea pigs and fish?

A

vitamin C

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16
Q

How many fat and water soluble vitamins are there for dogs?

A
  • 3 fat soluble (ADE)

- 8 water soluble

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17
Q

How many water and fat soluble vitamins are there in cats?

A
  • 4 fat soluble (ADEK)

- 9 water soluble

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18
Q

What are some examples of water soluble vitamins?

A
  • niacin
  • biotin
  • choline
  • folic acid
  • riboflavin
  • ascorbic acid
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19
Q

What water soluble vitamin is not needed by dogs or cats?

A

ascorbic acid

20
Q

What water soluble vitamin is not required by dog, but required by cat?

A

niacin

21
Q

What are some physiological functions of vitamins and which vitamin?

A
  • co factors in enzymatic reactions (B)
  • DNA synthesis (folacin)
  • bone development (D)
  • Ca homeostasis (D)
  • eye function (A)
  • cell membrane integrity (E and C)
  • blood clotting (K)
  • free radical scavenging (E and B12)
  • amino acid and protein metabolism (niacin)
  • nerve impulse transduction (choline)
22
Q

What are some important vitamin interactions?

A
  • critical pathways require concerted action of several B complex vitamins (deficiency of one compromises efficiency of other 3)
  • multiple vitamin deficiencies more frequent than single vitamin defences
23
Q

How are fat soluble vitamins absorbed?

A
  • require bile salts and fat to form micelles for absorption
  • passively absorbed, mainly in duodenum and ileum
  • transported in conjunction with chylomicrons to liver via lymph system
24
Q

How are water soluble vitamins absorbed?

A
  • active transport
  • some require carrier protein called intrinsic factor
  • sodium dependent, carrier mediated absorption pump
25
Q

How are vitamins generally provided in the diet?

A
  • vitamin premix

- organ meat rich in fat soluble vitamin

26
Q

What is a provitamin?

A
  • compound that requires an activation step before it becomes biologically active
27
Q

What is an example of a provitamin?

A
  • beta carotene cleaved by enzymatic processes releases 2 molecules of retinol
  • cats need to be provided retinol as they do not have the enzymatic path
28
Q

What is a vitamer?

A
  • chemically the same compound as a vitamin
  • may exert varying physiologic effects because it is an isomer
  • e.g. alpha tocopherol vs gamma tocopherol
29
Q

What is a stereoisomer

A
  • differ in arrangement of groups around stereocenters

- RRR-alpha tocopherol is most biologically active

30
Q

What is a vitamin like substance?

A
  • exhibit properties similar to vitamins
  • have physiologic functionality but questionable essentiality (conditionally essential)
  • L carnitine
31
Q

What are minerals?

A

inorganic elemental atoms that are essential nutrients

32
Q

How many mineral elements are essential for mammals?

A

greater than 18

33
Q

What are some macro minerals and how much per kg of diet needed?

A
  • g/kg

- Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, Mg, S

34
Q

What are some trace elements and how much per kg of diet needed?

A
  • mg/kg

- Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Co, Mb, F, Se, I, Cr

35
Q

What are some ultra trace elements and how much per kg of diet needed?

A
  • ug/kg

- Mo, As, B, Ni, Si, V

36
Q

What are the 3 main functions of minerals?

A
  • structural components of body organs and tissues
  • constituents of body fluids and tissues (electrolytes)
  • catalysts/cofactors in enzyme and hormone systems
37
Q

What are 3 methods of mineral homeostatic regulation?

A
  • maintaining of mineral concentrations at active sites in narrow physiologic limits despite over or under ingestion
  • control of intestinal absorption and excretion
  • urinary excretion
38
Q

What are 5 factors that influence mineral bioavailability?

A
  • chemical form (mineral solubility)
  • other dietary components that interact metabolically
  • age, gender and species of animal
  • intake of mineral and the need (body stores)
  • environmental factors (organic versus inorganic minerals)
39
Q

Are meat derived or plant derived minerals for available? why?

A
  • meat more available

- physic acid in plant tissues are bound to minerals and cannot be released

40
Q

What are some sources of Ca?

A

bone, meat meals, inorganic sources

41
Q

What are some sources of phosphorous?

A
  • meat, oil seeds, grains, inorganic sources
42
Q

What are some sources of magnesium?

A
  • meat meal, oilseeds, grains, inorganic sources
43
Q

What are some sources of trace elements?

A

inorganic sources

44
Q

Are trace element sulphites, chlorides, carbonates or oxides most available?

A
  • sulfate, chloride > carbonates > oxides
45
Q

What is the ‘meat factor’?

A
  • provides an available form of mineral

- enhances absorption of the mineral supplied by the rest of the food

46
Q

Are organic or inorganic minerals more available?

A
  • organic

- possibly because mineral complexed or bound

An Sc 464 (26 decks)

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