10a Lifecycle Nutrition of Dogs 2

Question 1

When are dogs considered older?

Answer 1

• when they reach half their life expectancy
• large dogs 5 years old
• small dogs 7 years old

Question 2

What are the nutrition goals for older dogs?

Answer 2

• optimization of quality and longevity of life

- minimization of disease

Question 3

What are the major effects of aging on dog’s body system?

Answer 3

• more vulnerable to diseases
• gradually gain weight
• development of age related physical and behavioural changes
• gain fat, lose muscle

Question 4

Describe the water requirement of older dogs.

Answer 4

• more prone to dehydration
• possible osmoregulatory disturbances, medications, and chronic renal disease
• continuous access to clean fresh water supply
• water intake should be monitored

Question 5

Describe the energy requirement of older dogs

Answer 5

• lean body mass decreases - less protein tissue
• subcutaneous fat increases
• BMR decreases
• body temp decreases
• less active
• 105kcal ME/BW^0.75
• very old dogs often underweight and can feed energy dense food

Question 6

Describe protein requirements of older dogs.

Answer 6

• decrease in lean body mass
• higher protein intake than in younger adults
• when kidney function impaired, high protein may accelerate renal disease

Question 7

Describe fat requirement for older dogs.

Answer 7

• low intake to reduce risk of obesity
• essential fatty acid requirements must be met
• very old dogs: higher fat intake to prevent loss of weight, increase palatability

Question 8

Describe Ca and P requirements in older dogs.

Answer 8

• avoid excessive P intake as renal disease often present
• little concern about Ca deficiency in older dogs
• Ca:P is 1:1

Question 9

What are some pros of fibre for older dogs?

Answer 9

• more prone to constipation
• fibre decreases postprandial glycemic effect in older diabetic dogs
• dilutes calories

Question 10

What are some cons of fibre for older dogs?

Answer 10

• can impair digestion of other nutrients
• flatulence
• fibre dilutes calories
• very old dogs, less fibre to increase calorie density
• should be >= 2%

Question 11

What are some goals of a good reproductive feeding program?

Answer 11

• optimize conception
• number of puppies per litter
• ability of the bitch to deliver
• viability of prenatal and neonatal puppies
• during delivery, must have enough glycogen for muscles around uterus to contract properly

Question 12

Optimal nutrition of reproducing animals should precede what?

Answer 12

• mating and conception
• only healthy dogs in good nutritional state should be used
• malnutrition before breeding are often noticed until puppies are born

Question 13

What is flushing?

Answer 13

• increase nutrient content of food to kick start gestation properly

Question 14

How does food intake and body weight change through gestation and lactation?

Answer 14

• not massive increase in energy requirement during gestation (mom can easily compensate by eating more food)
• larger increase in 2nd part of gestation (increased fetal growth and placenta)

Question 15

Describe the energy requirement during gestation.

Answer 15

• ME = MER + growth

Question 16

Describe protein requirement during gestation

Answer 16

• protein and amino acid requirement for reproduction not well defined
• high protein quality = increased visor of newborn puppies, decreased neonatal mortality

Question 17

What would happen with a protein deficiency during pregnancy?

Answer 17

• decreased birth weight
• increased mortality during first 48h of life
• decreased immunocompetence

Question 18

Describe fat requirement during gestation.

Answer 18

• increasing fat levels increases digestibility, energy provision and nitrogen retention
• how much fat is in diet depends on litter size, body condition, food intake, giant breed bitches need high energy throughout gestation

Question 19

Describe carb requirement during gestation.

Answer 19

• needs carbs

- high metabolic requirement for glucose

Question 20

What would happen if bitch was fed carb free food during gestation?

Answer 20

• increased weight loss, decreased food intake, decreased birthweight of puppies, decreased neonatal survival of puppies, increased risk of stillbirth, increased risk of hypoglycaemia and ketosis during late pregnancy, decreased lactose concentration in milk
• recommend 20% of energy from carbs
• if no carbs, protein intake must double for gluconeogenesis

Question 21

Describe the Ca and P requirement during gestation

Answer 21

• during last 5 weeks of gestation, Ca and P requirements increase by 60% for skeletal development
• ratio of 1.1 to 1.5:1

Question 22

What will excessive Ca do during pregnancy?

Answer 22

• decreased activity of parathyroid glands

- predispose to eclampsia during lactation

Question 23

Describe iron requirements during gestation.

Answer 23

• Fe requirements very high during last week of gestation
• Fetuses store iron in liver
• colostrum is very rich in Fe

Question 24

Describe zinc requirement during gestation

Answer 24

• must be adequate

- deficiencies may lead to fetal resorption or fewer, less viable offspring

Question 25

During lactation, what are nutrient requirements directly related to?

Answer 25

• milk production

- number of puppies

Question 26

Describe water requirement during lactation?

Answer 26

• first nutrient needed for lactation
• thermoregulation
• water requirement in mL = energy requirement in kcal
• needs to be available at all times

Question 27

Describe energy requirement during lactation.

Answer 27

• energy requirements: maintenance + milk production
• energy intake usually limiting factor for meeting energy requirement
• energy density too low physical limitation to eat enough food
• maintenance requirement slightly higher than for average adult dogs because more protein synthesis per unit BW
• ME = 145 kcal/BW^0.75+BW x (24n +12m) x L

Question 28

How is the energy for milk production estimated?

Answer 28

• gross energy of milk
• efficiency of converting maternal energy into milk energy
• quantity of milk produced daily

Question 29

Milk production is directly related to what 2 things?

Answer 29

• litter size

- stage of lactation (more milk during mid than late lactation)

Question 30

Describe protein requirement during lactation.

Answer 30

• requirement for protein increases more than requirement for energy
• protein-energy ratio must be higher in foods than for adult maintenance
• protein linked to energy

Question 31

Describe fat requirement during lactation.

Answer 31

• increase energy density of food

- milk fat and fatty acid composition very variable (increasing fat from 12-20% DM increases fat in milk by 30%)

Question 32

Describe carb requirement during lactation.

Answer 32

• bitches need carbs for lactose production
• if no carbs, milk lactose 2%
• protein seems not to correct lactose levels
• recommend 10-20% of energy intake in form of soluble carbs

Question 33

Describe Ca and P requirement during lactation.

Answer 33

• mineral requirements during lactation determined by mineral excretion in milk
  Ca:P 1.4:1

Question 34

Describe iron requirement during lactation.

Answer 34

• requirement only slightly increased during lactation
• mature milk low in FE
• colostrum rich in Fe

Question 35

Describe copper requirements during lactation

Answer 35

• requirements increase more than for energy