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BIOL 1106 > 8: Organization of the Nervous System > Flashcards

8: Organization of the Nervous System Flashcards

Module 2, Lesson 2

1
Q

The cells of the nervous system include ____ and ____.

A

Neurons and neuroglia

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2
Q

List the three main parts of a neuron.

A
  1. Cell body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon
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3
Q

The ____ enable the neuron to receive electrochemical impulses.

A

Dendrites

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4
Q

The ____ of a neuron receives and integrates impulses from the dendrites.

A

Cell body

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5
Q

If the cell body receives enough impulses, it will…

A

Generate an outgoing impulse

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6
Q

In neurons, the ____ may branch to interact with other cells and can be extremely long.

A

Axon

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7
Q

Neuroglial cells form an insulating ____ around the axon.

A

Myelin sheath

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8
Q

The small gaps that interrupt the myelin sheath to increase conductivity are called…

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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9
Q

The primary function of neurons is to…

A

Produce and conduct electrochemical impulses

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10
Q

The ____ is formed by successive wrapping of neuroglial cell membranes around an axon.

A

Myelin sheath

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11
Q

Axons that have a myelin sheath are called…

A

Myelinated

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12
Q

Myelinated axons form the ____ found in the brain and spinal cord.

A

White matter

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13
Q

The ____ is formed by unmyelinated dendrites and cell bodies.

A

Gray matter

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14
Q

In the peripheral nervous system, myelin is formed by…

A

Schwann cells

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15
Q

In the central nervous system, myelin is formed by…

A

Oligodendrocytes

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16
Q

____ in the peripheral nervous system detect external conditions and monitor internal conditions.

A

Sensory receptors

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17
Q

____ carry information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system.

A

Sensory neurons

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18
Q

The central nervous system (CNS) contains the…

A

Brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

____ make connections between neurons and integrate signals.

A

Interneurons
(association neurons)

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20
Q

____ carry information from the central nervous system to effectors.

A

Motor neurons

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21
Q

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) contains…

A

All neurons not in the CNS

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22
Q

List the two major divisions of the vertebrate nervous system.

A
  1. Central nervous system
  2. Peripheral nervous system
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23
Q

True or false:

The central nervous system contains motor pathways and sensory pathways.

A

False

The peripheral nervous system contains these.

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24
Q

List the two major divisions of the peripheral nervous system.

A
  1. Somatic nervous system
  2. Autonomic nervous system
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25
Q

The ____ nervous system controls voluntary movements.

A

Somatic

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26
Q

In the somatic nervous system, ____ are effectors.

A

Skeletal muscles

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27
Q

True or false:

The axons in the somatic nervous system are heavily myelinated.

A

True

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28
Q

In the ____ nervous system, the axons extend from the CNS to the effector.

A

Somatic

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29
Q

The ____ nervous system controls involuntary processes such as heart rate and digestion.

A

Autonomic

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30
Q

List the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

A
  1. Sympathetic nervous system
  2. Parasympathetic nervous system
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31
Q

True or false:

Axons in the autonomic nervous system have little to no myelin on them.

A

True

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32
Q

The ____ nervous system controls the fight/flight response and is most active under stress.

A

Sympathetic

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33
Q

The ____ nervous system works to rest and conserve energy.

A

Parasympathetic

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34
Q

In the autonomic nervous system, ____ are effectors.

(three)

A
  1. Smooth muscles
  2. Cardiac muscles
  3. Glands
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35
Q

True or false:

The autonomic nervous system uses a single neuron to reach the effector.

A

False

There are two neurons involved.

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36
Q

List the three main regions of the brain.

A
  1. Hindbrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Forebrain
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37
Q

List the three major structures located in the hindbrain.

A
  1. Cerebellum
  2. Medulla oblangata
  3. Pons
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38
Q

The ____ connects the brain to the spinal cord.

A

Hindbrain

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39
Q

The primary function of the hindbrain is to…

A

Coordinate motor responses and some reflexes

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40
Q

The primary structure in the midbrain is the…

A

Optic tectum

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41
Q

The function of the optic tectum in the midbrain is to…

A

Receive and process visual information

42
Q

List the two main structures located in the forebrain.

A
  1. Diencephalon
  2. Cerebrum
43
Q

The diencephalon contains the…

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

44
Q

List the two primary functions of the diencephalon.

A
  1. Acts as a relay center for incoming sensory information and higher-order processing
  2. Helps maintain homeostasis
45
Q

The ____ is involved in conscious thought, learning, and memory.

46
Q

Amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals have a larger cerebrum, which is indicative of…

A

More associative function

47
Q

The most pronounced part of the human brain is the…

48
Q

The human ____ is split into left and right hemispheres.

49
Q

The left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected by the…

A

Corpus callosum

50
Q

True or false:

Each hemisphere of the brain receives input from the opposite side of the body and has motor control over that side.

51
Q

List the four main lobes of the cerebrum.

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Temporal
  3. Occipital
  4. Parietal
52
Q

The ____ of the brain is involved in higher-order thinking, comparing, and problem solving.

A

Frontal lobe

53
Q

The area of the frontal lobe responsible for conveying language is…

A

Broca’s area

54
Q

The ____ of the brain is responsible for interpreting auditory signals.

A

Temporal lobe

55
Q

The ____ of the brain is involved in spatial analysis, math, and language.

A

Parietal lobe

56
Q

The area of the parietal lobe responsible for understanding language is…

A

Wernicke’s area

57
Q

The ____ of the brain is responsible for processing visual information.

A

Occipital lobe

58
Q

The outer few millimeters of the cerebrum is called the…

A

Cerebral cortex

59
Q

True or false:

The cerebral cortex is densely packed with neurons, and the location of most neuronal activity in the brain.

60
Q

The ____ of the brain carries out motor, sensory, and associative activities.

A

Cerebral cortex

61
Q

The ____ is the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes.

A

Central sulcus

62
Q

The region immediately in front of the central sulcus is the…

A

Primary motor cortex

63
Q

The region immediately behind the central sulcus is the…

A

Primary sensory cortex

64
Q

Different points on the surface of the primary motor cortex control…

A

Voluntary movement of a body part

65
Q

Different points on the surface of the primary sensory cortex….

A

Receive input from a particular body part

66
Q

The ____ is a “cable of neurons”.

A

Spinal cord

67
Q

The spinal cord is protected by the…

A

Vertebral column and meninges

68
Q

____ are tissue membranes that cover the spinal cord and brain.

69
Q

The inner zone of the spinal cord is ____, containing the cell bodies of motor neurons, interneurons, and neuroglia.

A

Gray matter

70
Q

The outer zone of the spinal cord is ____, containing myelinated axons of sensory and motor neurons.

A

White matter

71
Q

The ____ has a major role in reflexes.

A

Spinal cord

72
Q

____ are rapid motor responses to a potentially harmful stimulus.

73
Q

During a ____, a sensory neuron passes information to a motor neuron in the spinal cord without higher processing.

74
Q

True or false:

Reflexes essentially bypass the brain.

75
Q

During a reflex, the impulse comes into the spinal cord through the ____ side.

76
Q

During a reflex, the impulse leaves the spinal cord through the ____ side.

77
Q

A ____ is one where only two neurons are involved with a single synapse between them.

A

Monosynaptic response

78
Q

More complex reflexes involve…

A

Interneurons

79
Q

The peripheral nervous system consists of…

A

Nerves and ganglia

80
Q

____ are clusters of axons located outside the CNS.

81
Q

____ are clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS.

82
Q

____ enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root and have their cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia.

A

Sensory neurons

83
Q

____ exit the spinal cord through the ventral root.

A

Motor neurons

84
Q

____ motor neurons have their cell bodies located in the spinal cord.

85
Q

____ motor neurons have their cell bodies located in the spinal cord and ganglia.

86
Q

The ____ uses two motor neurons to either stimulate or inhibit the effector.

A

Autonomic neural path

87
Q

In the autonomic neural path, the ____ neuron has its cell body in the spinal cord.

A

Preganglionic

88
Q

In the autonomic neural path, the ____ neuron has its cell body in the nerve ganglion.

A

Postganglionic

89
Q

The ____ is what drives reflexes.

A

Somatic neural path

90
Q

The ____ stimulates the body but consumes a lot of energy.

A

Sympathetic nervous system

91
Q

Nerves involved in the sympathetic nervous system exit the CNS from the…

A

Middle of the spinal cord

92
Q

Ganglia involved in the sympathetic nervous system exist as…

A

A long chain adjacent to the spinal cord

93
Q

The ____ keeps body energy use as low as possible.

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

94
Q

Nerves involved in the parasympathetic nervous system originate from the…

A

Brain stem and sacral spinal cord

95
Q

Ganglia involved in the parasympathetic nervous system are normally located…

A

Very close to the effectors

96
Q

List four systems that the nervous system can interact with to maintain homeostasis.

A
  1. Integumentary system
  2. Muscular system
  3. Cardiovascular system
  4. Respiratory system
97
Q

How does the nervous system interact with the integumentary system to maintain homeostais?

(three)

A
  1. Receptors detect temperature changes
  2. ANS regulates sweat glands and blood vessels
98
Q

How does the nervous system interact with the muscular system to maintain homeostasis?

A

It stimulates skeletal muscles to shiver, generating heat

99
Q

How does the nervous system interact with the cardiovascular system to maintain homeostasis?

A

The autonomic nervous system monitors blood pressure, heart rate, and blood volume

100
Q

How does the nervous system interact with the respiratory system to maintain homeostasis?

(two)

A
  1. Regulates breathing depth and rhythm
  2. Monitors O2 and pH levels

BIOL 1106 (8 decks)

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