2: Plant Anatomy Flashcards
Module 1, Lesson 2
The distinction between monocots and eudicots is based primarily on…
Physiological and morphological features
____ are undifferentiated plant cells.
Meristems
What happens to the two cells produced when a meristem divides?
One cell differentiates and the other remains meristematic
____ are localized regions where growth and development occurs.
Meristems
____ are found at the apices of roots and shoots.
Apical meristems
____ extend along the diameter of the root or shoot.
Lateral meristems
Apical meristems are responsible for ____ growth.
Primary
In plants, “primary growth” means…
Growth in length
The tissues derived from apical meristems are called…
Primary meristems
List the four main types of primary meristems.
- Protoderm
- Procambium
- Ground meristem
- Intercalary meristem
The protoderm goes on to produce…
Dermal tissue
The procambium goes on to produce…
Vascular tissue
The ground meristem goes on to produce…
Ground tissue
In plants that have it, the intercalary meristem serves to…
Lengthen the internode
True or false:
Apical meristems are delicate, so they have to be surrounded by protective structures.
True
The ____ protects the shoot apical meristem.
Leaf primordia
The ____ protects the root apical meristem.
Root cap
Lateral meristems are often found in which two groups of plants?
- Gymnosperms
- Eudicots
Lateral meristems are responsible for ____ growth.
Secondary
In plants, “secondary growth” refers to…
Growth in diameter
The tissues derived from lateral meristems are called…
Secondary tissues
List the two types of tissue created by the lateral meristems in woody plants.
- Vascular cambium
- Cork cambium
The vascular cambium produces the…
Secondary xylem and secondary phloem
____ is the primary component of wood.
Secondary xylem
In woody plants, the secondary phloem becomes part of the…
Bark
The cork cambium produces…
Cork cells
In woody plants, cork cells form the…
Outer bark
List three things that can be used to distinguish different types of plant cells.
- Size of vacuoles
- Whether they are alive at maturity
- Thickness of cell walls
True or false:
All plant cells have a primary cell wall.
True
True or false:
All plant cells have a secondary cell wall.
False
Some plant cells have extra layers of cellulose for extra strength, which forms the…
Secondary wall
The primary cell wall is located ____ the secondary cell wall.
Outside
The extra cellulose used to form the secondary cell wall is produced in the…
Cell membrane
In addition to cellulose, some cell walls contain additional substances for…
Strengthening or waterproofing
List the three main types of plant tissue.
- Dermal
- Ground
- Vascular
The main function of dermal tissue is…
Protection
The ____ is thin dermal tissue derived from the embryo or the apical meristem.
Epidermis
True or false:
The epidermis is often only a single cell layer thick.
True
Exposed portions of the epidermis are covered by the ____.
Cuticle
The primary function of the cuticle is…
Waterproofing / preventing excess water loss
Gas exchange occurs through openings in the epidermis called…
Stomata
The stomata opening is regulated by a pair of…
Guard cells
____ are outgrowths of epidermal cells that have numerous functions.
Trichomes
____ are epidermal outgrowths on young, growing roots.
Root hairs
The main function of root hairs is to…
Increase surface area to maximize water/mineral absorption
List the three main functions of ground tissue.
- Storage
- Photosynthesis
- Support
List the three types of cells characteristic to ground tissue.
- Parenchyma
- Collenchyma
- Sclerenchyma
The most abundant type of plant cell in primary tissues is the…
Parenchyma
List three main characteristics of parenchyma.
- Thin primary cell walls
- Large vacuoles
- Alive at maturity
Some ____ contain a large number of chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
Parenchyma
The main functions of parenchyma cells are…
- Photosynthesis
- Storage
The primary function of collenchyma cells is to…
Provide flexible support for plant organs
List two characteristics of collenchyma cells.
- Have irregularly thickened cell walls
- Alive at maturity
List three characteristics of sclerenchyma cells.
- Thick primary cell walls
- Secondary cell wall contains lignin
- Dead at maturity
The primary function of sclerenchyma cells is…
Support
List two types of sclerenchyma cells.
- Sclereids
- Fibers
____ are a type of sclerenchyma that strengthen seed coats and are also found in the flesh of some fruits.
Sclereids
____ are type of sclerenchyma that are elongated and grouped together in strands.
Fibers
Fibers are generally associated with ____ tissue.
Vascular
____ conducts water and nutrients throughout the plant.
Vascular tissue
True or false:
Plants use the same transport system for both food and water.
False
Vascular tissue is an important characteristic of all….
Tracheophytes
____ is vascular tissue specialized in water and mineral conduction.
Xylem
What two types of cells make up the xylem in angiosperms?
- Vessels
- Tracheids
Both vessels and tracheids are ____ at maturity.
Dead
Vessels and tracheids are both elongated cells that form…
Hollow tubes
True or false:
Vessels and tracheids contribute to plant support.
True
____ are larger in diameter and stack end-to-end.
Vessels
True or false:
Vessels are more efficient at water conduction than tracheids.
True
Both vessels and tracheids have a secondary cell wall containing…
Lignin
____ are smaller in diameter with overlapping tapered ends.
Tracheids
Xylem often has ____ cells for lateral transport and storage.
Parenchyma
Xylem often has ____ for strengthening.
Fibers
____ is vascular tissue that conducts the products of photosynthesis.
Phloem
List the two types of elongated cells found in phloem in angiosperms.
- Sieve cells
- Sieve tube members
True or false:
Sieve cells are considered more specialized and more efficient that sieve tube members.
False
____ are special parenchyma cells associated with a sieve tube member that perform some of its metabolic functions.
Companion cells
Sieve tub members can stack end-to-end to make ____ for transport.
Sieve tubes
Both sieve tube members and sieve cells have ____, which are more abundant on adjoining ends.
Sieve areas
Sieve tube members are alive at maturity but lack a….
Nucleus
List the three main vegetative organs in angiosperms.
- Leaves
- Roots
- Stems
List the two main organ systems in plants.
- Root system
- Shoot system
The ____ is located primarily below ground and contains the plant’s roots.
Root system
List the six components of the shoot system.
- Internode
- Node
- Leaf
- Axillary bud
- Reproductive shoot
- Flower
The ____ is made up of repeated units of nodes and internodes.
Vegetative shoot system
A(n) ____ is the space between branches/leaves.
Internode
A(n) ____ is the location where a leaf sprouts from.
Node
A(n) ____ is a lateral shoot tip that enables the plant to branch.
Axillary bud
Flowers and floral shoots used in reproduction are produced by the…
Axillary buds
True or false:
If the main stem is damaged or eaten, an axillary bud can replace it.
True
____ are the primary photosynthetic organs of plants.
Leaves
In ____, leaves are usually flattened blades that increase surface area for absorption of sunlight.
Eudicots
A leaf’s blade is attached to the stem by a slender stalk called a…
Petiole
A leaf’s ____ contains vascular tissues arranged in bundles.
Vein
List the three main types of tissue found in a leaf.
- Upper and lower epidermis
- Mesophyll cells
- Vascular tissue
The ____ of a leaf has a cuticle for waterproofing.
Upper and lower epidermis
Mesophyll cells are a form of ____ tissue.
Ground
The photosynthetic cells of a leaf are the…
Mesophyll cells
The ____ are located between the upper and lower epidermis.
Mesophyll cells
The ____ consists of elongated cells located near the upper epidermis.
Palisade mesophyll
The ____ layer contains many air spaces to facilitate gas exchange.
Palisade mesophyll
The ____ consists of loosely-arranged spongy cells located near the lower epidermis.
Spongy mesophyll
The ____ transports water to the leaves.
Xylem
____ transports the products of photosynthesis from the leaves to other areas of the plant.
Phloem
List two major functions of roots.
- Anchors the plant to the substrate
- Absorbs water and nutrients from soil
List the four regions of a growing root tip.
- Root cap
- Zone of cell division
- Zone of elongation
- Zone of maturation
The root cap is located at the ____ of the growing root.
Tip
Cells in the root cap are constantly replaced by the…
Root apical meristem
The root apical meristem is located in the…
Zone of cell division
Cells in the ____ become several times longer than they are wide.
Zone of elongation
The ____ in an enlarged root cell accounts for more than 90% of the total cell volume.
Vacuole
Root cells that have reached their maximum size become differentiated in the…
Zone of maturation
The ____ of a root has root hairs and a very thin cuticle.
Epidermis
The ____ of a root is located just inside the epidermis.
Cortex
A major function of the cortex is…
Carbohydrate storage
The ____ is a part of the cortex that contains suberin in its primary cell walls.
Endodermis
The ____ surrounds the cell wall and channels water through the cell membranes.
Casparian strip
The ____ includes all tissues inside the endodermis.
Stele
The first layer of cells in the stele is called the…
Pericycle
The main function of the pericycle is to…
Create branch roots
After the pericycle, the next layer of cells in the stele is the…
Vascular tissue
In ____ roots, the primary xylem is star-shaped and located at the center of the stele.
Eudicot
In eudicot roots, the primary phloem is located…
Outside the xylem, in clusters
In ____ roots, the primary xylem is in discrete vascular bundles.
Monocot
In monocot roots, the primary xyelm is arranged in a ring around central parenchyma called…
Pith
In monocot roots, the primary phloem is located…
Adjacent to the primary xylem
____ link leaves with roots and provide transport between them.
Stems
List three characteristics of stems common to both eudicots and monocots.
- The outer layer of cells is the epidermis
- The epidermis is covered in cuticle
- The epidermis may be green and photosynthetic
List three characteristics of eudicot stems.
- Vascular tissue is arranged in bundles located in a ring
- Cortex is found outside vascular bundles
- Pith is found in the center of the stem
In woody plants, the vascular cambium develops…
Between the primary xylem and primary phloem
List two characteristics of monocot stems.
- Vascular bundles are scattered throughout ground tissue
- No vascular cambium
True or false:
Monocots can experience secondary growth.
False
They do not develop vascular cambium, which means no secondary growth
The divisions of meristematic cells in the ____ produces secondary xylem and phloem.
Vascular cambium
Secondary xylem is produced towards the ____, while secondary phloem is produced towards the ____.
Interior ; exterior
Large secondary xylem cells form when conditions are…
Favorable
Smaller secondary xylem cells form when…
Growth is limited
As a woody plant ages, the ____ is crushed in the center of the stem.
Primary xylem
In woody plants, the ____ can replace the epidermis and protect the stem.
Periderm
Cork cambium forms in the…
Outer cortex
List two characteristics of cork cells.
- Contain suberin for waterproofing
- Dead at maturity
All the layers outside of the vascular cambium are considered part of the…
Bark
____ are patches of unsuberized cells that permit gas exchange in woody stems.
Lenticels
List the three groups into which plants can be placed based on their lifespans.
- Perennial
- Annual
- Biennial
List two characteristics of perennial plants.
- Grow year after year
- Reproduction can occur multiple times
List two characteristics of annual plants.
- Live only a year
- Reproduce and die over the course of a year
____ plants live for two years.
Biennial
In their first year of life, biennial plants…
Grow vegetatively and store carbohydrates
In their second year of life, biennial plants…
Reproduce using energy from the stored carbohydrates
