1: Terrestrial Plant Adaptations Flashcards
Module 1, Lesson 1
1
Q
Together, green algae and land plants are considered…
A
Green plants
2
Q
True or false:
All green plants are photoautotrophic.
A
True
3
Q
True or false:
All photoautotrophs are green plants.
A
False
(examples of photoautotrophs that are not green plants are red and brown algae)
4
Q
List the two main groups of green algae.
A
- Chlorophytes
- Charophytes
5
Q
____ are green algae that never made it to land.
A
Chlorophytes
6
Q
____ are green algae that are a sister group to land plants.
A
Charophytes
7
Q
An ancestral species of ____ gave rise to land plants.
A
Charophyte
8
Q
____ are the group containing charophytes and land plants.
A
Streptophytes
9
Q
Unlike charophytes, land plants have ____ haploid and diploid stages.
A
Multicellular
10
Q
List two major challenges for terrestrial plant life.
A
- Dessication
- Transport
11
Q
The most evolved group of land plants are the…
A
Angiosperms
12
Q
List two advantages of plants that live in water.
A
- Easy access to water and nutrients
- Protected from evaporation
13
Q
List two adaptations that plants evolved to deal with dessication.
A
- Cuticle
- Stomata
14
Q
The ____ is a waxy coating that prevents water loss but also limits gas exchange.
A
Cuticle
15
Q
True or false:
Most land plants have a cuticle.
A
True
16
Q
____ are small openings in a leaf that help with gas exchange.
A
Stomata
17
Q
List three adaptations that plants evolved to help with transport.
A
- Tracheids
- Xylem
- Phloem
18
Q
Tracheophytes are a group of land plants that possess…
A
Tracheids
19
Q
____ are specialized cells used to transport water and minerals.
A
Tracheids
20
Q
Tracheids are a component of the…
A
Xylem
21
Q
The water transport system in land plants is called the…
A
Xylem
22
Q
____ reinforces the cell walls in the xylem to facilitate more efficient transport.
A
Lignin
23
Q
The system that transports sucrose, hormones, and organic molecules in land plants is called the…
A
Phloem
24
Q
All land plants have a(n) ____ life cycle.
A
Haplodiplontic
25
A haplodiplontic life cycle means that....
Both the haploid and diploid stages are multicellular, and they alternate
26
The "gamete plant" is called the...
Gametophyte
27
# True or false:
The gametophyte is haploid.
True
28
The ____ undergoes mitosis to produce the gametes.
Gametophyte
29
The ____ undergoes mitosis to form the multicellular sporophyte.
Zygote
30
The "spore plant" is called the...
Sporophyte
31
# True or false:
The sporophyte is haploid.
False
It is diploid
32
The ____ undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores.
Spore mother cell
33
The spores grow via mitosis to produce the...
Gametophyte
34
All land plants have a haplodiplontic life cycle, but...
The length of the cycle varies
35
There has been an evolutionary shift towards the dominance of the ____ generation.
Diploid/sporophyte
36
The dominance of the sporophyte generation allows for increased....
Genetic variation
37
The most primitive land plants are...
Mosses
(Bryophytes)
38
In bryophytes, such as mosses, the ____ generation is dominant.
Gametophyte
39
The most evolutionarily advanced land plants are the...
Angiosperms
40
In angiosperms, the ____ is completely dependent on the ____.
Gametophyte ; sporophyte
41
The angiosperm plant bodies that we are familiar with are all...
Sporophytes
42
The ____ are the closest living descendants of the first land plants.
Bryophytes
43
# True or false:
Bryophytes are tracheophytes.
False
They use other water-conducting cells instead of tracheids.
44
# True or false:
Bryophytes are photosynthetic.
True
45
Bryophytes tend to be small because their size is limited by...
Reduced transport ability
46
Bryophytes lack ____ to use for water absorption.
True roots
47
Bryophytes require ____ to transport sperm in sexual reproduction.
Water
48
____ is a major limiting factor in bryophyte distribution.
Water
## Footnote
as such they tend to live in moist areas
49
Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts are three major clades in the ____ group.
Bryophyte
50
Early land plants successfully colonized land by developing....
Efficient vascular tissues
51
An efficient transport system enables land plants to...
Grow larger
52
List three characteristics of most living land plants.
1. Have a waxy cuticle
2. Have stomata
3. Sporophyte generation is dominant
53
The most ancient group of vascular plants are the....
Lycophytes
("club mosses")
54
Lycophytes are a sister group to all other....
Vascular plants
55
# True or false:
Most lycophyte genera are now extinct.
True
56
Lycophytes have vascular tissue in their...
Roots and stems, but not leaves
57
# True or false:
Lycophytes have seeds.
False
58
In lycophytes, the ____ generation is dominant.
Sporophyte
59
Lycophytes require ____ for fertilization.
Water
60
____ are the group containing ferns, whisk tails, and horsetails.
Pterophytes
61
In pterophytes, the ____ generation is dominant.
Sporophyte
62
# True or false:
Pterophytes do not require water for fertilization.
False
63
# True or false:
Pterophytes do not have seeds.
True
64
Pterophytes have vascular tissue in their....
Roots, stems, and true leaves
65
True leaves, which are present from pterophytes on, are called...
Euphylls
66
____ are the largest group of pterophytes, with about 11,000 living species.
Ferns
67
Which two groups of land plants produce seeds?
1. Gymnosperms
2. Angiosperms
68
Currently, the dominant groups of land plants are...
Gymnosperms and angiosperms
69
Gymnosperms and angiosperms became dominant in the terrestrial environment largely due to...
Seeds
70
List four major evolutionary benefits to seeds.
1. Protect the embryo
2. Provide nutrients for embryo
3. Can help facilitate dispersal
4. Allows for periods of dormancy
71
Many seeds have a hard ____ that protects the embryo from drought or microorganisms.
Seed coat
72
# True or false:
It is possible for an embryo inside a seed to stop growing during cold or drought, then resume growth when conditions improve.
True
73
____ is an important innovation unique to seed plants.
Pollen
74
# True or false:
Unlike other land plants, seed plants produce both male and female gametophytes.
True
75
Pollen grains are the multicellular ____ gametophytes.
Male
76
Some pollen grains have a ____, a passageway for sperm to reach the egg.
Pollen tube
77
Seed plants use ____ to eliminate the need for water during fertilization.
Pollen
78
In most ____, the seed is not completely enclosed by sporophyte tissue at the time of fertilization.
Gymnosperms
79
List the four groups of extant (living) gymnosperms.
1. Cycads
2. Gnetophytes
3. *Ginkgo biloba*
4. Conifers
80
____ are slow-growing gymnosperms that resemble palm trees, but produce cones.
Cycads
81
____ are gymnosperms that occur primarily in the deserts of southwestern Africa.
Gnetophytes
82
Native to China, ____ is the only living species of a gymnosperm group that was once more widespread.
*Ginkgo biloba*
83
The fleshy seeds on ____ *Ginkgo biloba* trees produce a foul smell when mature.
Female
84
____ *Ginkgo biloba* plants are preferred for cultivation, and are widely planted in urban settings.
Male
85
The largest group of gymnosperms are the ____.
Conifers
86
The tallest living vascular plant, the coastal redwood, is a....
Conifer
87
Today, ____ are the most diverse and widespread group of land plants.
Angiosperms
88
The term ____ means "naked seed".
Gymnosperm
89
The name ____ means "seed in a vessel".
Angiosperm
90
In angiosperms, a diploid sporophyte tissue called ____ completely encloses the seed at pollination.
Carpel
91
After fertilization, the carpel develops into a....
Fruit
92
____ is a structure unique to angiosperms that aids in seed dispersal.
Fruit
93
____ are a structure unique to angiosperms that originated from modified leaves.
Carpels
94
____ are a structure unique to angiosperms that originated from modified stems with modified leaves.
Flowers
95
In angiosperms, flowers house the ____ and often have features to attract pollinators.
Gametophytes
96
A unique feature of angiosperm pollen is ____, where each pollen grain has two fully functional sperm.
Double fertilization
97
In angiosperm pollen, one sperm unites with the egg while the other...
Unites with the other nucleus in the female gametophyte
98
The structure produced by the fusion of sperm with the other nucleus in the female gametophyte is the....
Triploid endosperm
99
In angiosperms, the ____ is the part of the seed that provides nutrients for embryos.
Endosperm
