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BIOL 1106 > 1: Terrestrial Plant Adaptations > Flashcards

1: Terrestrial Plant Adaptations Flashcards

Module 1, Lesson 1

1
Q

Together, green algae and land plants are considered…

A

Green plants

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2
Q

True or false:

All green plants are photoautotrophic.

A

True

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3
Q

True or false:

All photoautotrophs are green plants.

A

False

(examples of photoautotrophs that are not green plants are red and brown algae)

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4
Q

List the two main groups of green algae.

A
  1. Chlorophytes
  2. Charophytes
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5
Q

____ are green algae that never made it to land.

A

Chlorophytes

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6
Q

____ are green algae that are a sister group to land plants.

A

Charophytes

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7
Q

An ancestral species of ____ gave rise to land plants.

A

Charophyte

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8
Q

____ are the group containing charophytes and land plants.

A

Streptophytes

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9
Q

Unlike charophytes, land plants have ____ haploid and diploid stages.

A

Multicellular

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10
Q

List two major challenges for terrestrial plant life.

A
  1. Dessication
  2. Transport
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11
Q

The most evolved group of land plants are the…

A

Angiosperms

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12
Q

List two advantages of plants that live in water.

A
  1. Easy access to water and nutrients
  2. Protected from evaporation
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13
Q

List two adaptations that plants evolved to deal with dessication.

A
  1. Cuticle
  2. Stomata
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14
Q

The ____ is a waxy coating that prevents water loss but also limits gas exchange.

A

Cuticle

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15
Q

True or false:

Most land plants have a cuticle.

A

True

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16
Q

____ are small openings in a leaf that help with gas exchange.

A

Stomata

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17
Q

List three adaptations that plants evolved to help with transport.

A
  1. Tracheids
  2. Xylem
  3. Phloem
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18
Q

Tracheophytes are a group of land plants that possess…

A

Tracheids

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19
Q

____ are specialized cells used to transport water and minerals.

A

Tracheids

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20
Q

Tracheids are a component of the…

A

Xylem

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21
Q

The water transport system in land plants is called the…

A

Xylem

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22
Q

____ reinforces the cell walls in the xylem to facilitate more efficient transport.

A

Lignin

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23
Q

The system that transports sucrose, hormones, and organic molecules in land plants is called the…

A

Phloem

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24
Q

All land plants have a(n) ____ life cycle.

A

Haplodiplontic

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25
Q

A haplodiplontic life cycle means that….

A

Both the haploid and diploid stages are multicellular, and they alternate

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26
Q

The “gamete plant” is called the…

A

Gametophyte

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27
Q

True or false:

The gametophyte is haploid.

A

True

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28
Q

The ____ undergoes mitosis to produce the gametes.

A

Gametophyte

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29
Q

The ____ undergoes mitosis to form the multicellular sporophyte.

A

Zygote

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30
Q

The “spore plant” is called the…

A

Sporophyte

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31
Q

True or false:

The sporophyte is haploid.

A

False

It is diploid

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32
Q

The ____ undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores.

A

Spore mother cell

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33
Q

The spores grow via mitosis to produce the…

A

Gametophyte

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34
Q

All land plants have a haplodiplontic life cycle, but…

A

The length of the cycle varies

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35
Q

There has been an evolutionary shift towards the dominance of the ____ generation.

A

Diploid/sporophyte

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36
Q

The dominance of the sporophyte generation allows for increased….

A

Genetic variation

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37
Q

The most primitive land plants are…

A

Mosses
(Bryophytes)

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38
Q

In bryophytes, such as mosses, the ____ generation is dominant.

A

Gametophyte

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39
Q

The most evolutionarily advanced land plants are the…

A

Angiosperms

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40
Q

In angiosperms, the ____ is completely dependent on the ____.

A

Gametophyte ; sporophyte

41
Q

The angiosperm plant bodies that we are familiar with are all…

A

Sporophytes

42
Q

The ____ are the closest living descendants of the first land plants.

A

Bryophytes

43
Q

True or false:

Bryophytes are tracheophytes.

A

False

They use other water-conducting cells instead of tracheids.

44
Q

True or false:

Bryophytes are photosynthetic.

45
Q

Bryophytes tend to be small because their size is limited by…

A

Reduced transport ability

46
Q

Bryophytes lack ____ to use for water absorption.

A

True roots

47
Q

Bryophytes require ____ to transport sperm in sexual reproduction.

48
Q

____ is a major limiting factor in bryophyte distribution.

A

Water

as such they tend to live in moist areas

49
Q

Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts are three major clades in the ____ group.

50
Q

Early land plants successfully colonized land by developing….

A

Efficient vascular tissues

51
Q

An efficient transport system enables land plants to…

A

Grow larger

52
Q

List three characteristics of most living land plants.

A
  1. Have a waxy cuticle
  2. Have stomata
  3. Sporophyte generation is dominant
53
Q

The most ancient group of vascular plants are the….

A

Lycophytes
(“club mosses”)

54
Q

Lycophytes are a sister group to all other….

A

Vascular plants

55
Q

True or false:

Most lycophyte genera are now extinct.

56
Q

Lycophytes have vascular tissue in their…

A

Roots and stems, but not leaves

57
Q

True or false:

Lycophytes have seeds.

58
Q

In lycophytes, the ____ generation is dominant.

A

Sporophyte

59
Q

Lycophytes require ____ for fertilization.

60
Q

____ are the group containing ferns, whisk tails, and horsetails.

A

Pterophytes

61
Q

In pterophytes, the ____ generation is dominant.

A

Sporophyte

62
Q

True or false:

Pterophytes do not require water for fertilization.

63
Q

True or false:

Pterophytes do not have seeds.

64
Q

Pterophytes have vascular tissue in their….

A

Roots, stems, and true leaves

65
Q

True leaves, which are present from pterophytes on, are called…

66
Q

____ are the largest group of pterophytes, with about 11,000 living species.

67
Q

Which two groups of land plants produce seeds?

A
  1. Gymnosperms
  2. Angiosperms
68
Q

Currently, the dominant groups of land plants are…

A

Gymnosperms and angiosperms

69
Q

Gymnosperms and angiosperms became dominant in the terrestrial environment largely due to…

70
Q

List four major evolutionary benefits to seeds.

A
  1. Protect the embryo
  2. Provide nutrients for embryo
  3. Can help facilitate dispersal
  4. Allows for periods of dormancy
71
Q

Many seeds have a hard ____ that protects the embryo from drought or microorganisms.

72
Q

True or false:

It is possible for an embryo inside a seed to stop growing during cold or drought, then resume growth when conditions improve.

73
Q

____ is an important innovation unique to seed plants.

74
Q

True or false:

Unlike other land plants, seed plants produce both male and female gametophytes.

75
Q

Pollen grains are the multicellular ____ gametophytes.

76
Q

Some pollen grains have a ____, a passageway for sperm to reach the egg.

A

Pollen tube

77
Q

Seed plants use ____ to eliminate the need for water during fertilization.

78
Q

In most ____, the seed is not completely enclosed by sporophyte tissue at the time of fertilization.

A

Gymnosperms

79
Q

List the four groups of extant (living) gymnosperms.

A
  1. Cycads
  2. Gnetophytes
  3. Ginkgo biloba
  4. Conifers
80
Q

____ are slow-growing gymnosperms that resemble palm trees, but produce cones.

81
Q

____ are gymnosperms that occur primarily in the deserts of southwestern Africa.

A

Gnetophytes

82
Q

Native to China, ____ is the only living species of a gymnosperm group that was once more widespread.

A

Ginkgo biloba

83
Q

The fleshy seeds on ____ Ginkgo biloba trees produce a foul smell when mature.

84
Q

____ Ginkgo biloba plants are preferred for cultivation, and are widely planted in urban settings.

85
Q

The largest group of gymnosperms are the ____.

86
Q

The tallest living vascular plant, the coastal redwood, is a….

87
Q

Today, ____ are the most diverse and widespread group of land plants.

A

Angiosperms

88
Q

The term ____ means “naked seed”.

A

Gymnosperm

89
Q

The name ____ means “seed in a vessel”.

A

Angiosperm

90
Q

In angiosperms, a diploid sporophyte tissue called ____ completely encloses the seed at pollination.

91
Q

After fertilization, the carpel develops into a….

92
Q

____ is a structure unique to angiosperms that aids in seed dispersal.

93
Q

____ are a structure unique to angiosperms that originated from modified leaves.

94
Q

____ are a structure unique to angiosperms that originated from modified stems with modified leaves.

95
Q

In angiosperms, flowers house the ____ and often have features to attract pollinators.

A

Gametophytes

96
Q

A unique feature of angiosperm pollen is ____, where each pollen grain has two fully functional sperm.

A

Double fertilization

97
Q

In angiosperm pollen, one sperm unites with the egg while the other…

A

Unites with the other nucleus in the female gametophyte

98
Q

The structure produced by the fusion of sperm with the other nucleus in the female gametophyte is the….

A

Triploid endosperm

99
Q

In angiosperms, the ____ is the part of the seed that provides nutrients for embryos.

BIOL 1106 (8 decks)

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