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BIOL 1106 > 17: The Immune System > Flashcards

17: The Immune System Flashcards

Module 3, Lesson 6

1
Q

____ allows for rapid response to pathogens by recognizing features common to many pathogens.

A

Innate immunity

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2
Q

____ creates specific weapons to fight a particular pathogen.

A

Adaptive immunity

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3
Q

True or false:

The adaptive immune system takes longer to mount a targeted response the first time a pathogen is encountered.

A

True

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4
Q

The ____ immune system can remember a pathogen to mount a rapid response in case of reinfection.

A

Adaptive

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5
Q

List the major steps in the activation of the innate immune system.

(five)

A
  1. Receptors recognize pathogens
  2. Cytokines recruit immune cells
  3. The complement forms the membrane attack complex
  4. The inflammatory response is triggered
  5. The adaptive immune system is signaled
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6
Q

The first line of defense against invaders is the…

A

Skin

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7
Q

____ and ____ on the skin create an acidic coating that inhibits microbe growth.

A

Oil and sweat

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8
Q

Sweat contains ____, enzymes that break down bacteria.

A

Lysozymes

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9
Q

Skin cells produce ____ to fight off invaders.

A

Antimicrobial peptides

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10
Q

____ and ____ exist on the skin to outcompete potential invaders.

A

Beneficial bacteria and fungi

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11
Q

Other than the skin, list three potential routes of infection.

A
  1. Digestive tract
  2. Respiratory tract
  3. Urogenital tract
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12
Q

Tracts that open to the exterior environment are lined by epithelial cells that secrete…

A

Mucosa

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13
Q

Saliva in the mouth contains ____ to kill bacteria.

A

Lysozymes

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14
Q

Urine and tears defend against infections by…

A

Flushing pathogens out of the body

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15
Q

Pathogens that enter the stomach are killed because of…

A

The stomach acid’s low pH

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16
Q

Innate immune system activity begins when…

A

A receptor binds to a pathogen

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17
Q

In the innate immune system, the binding of receptors activates a….

A

Signal transduction pathway

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18
Q

The signal transduction pathway triggered by receptor binding results in the release/activation of…

(three)

A
  1. Cytokines
  2. Antimicrobial peptides
  3. Complement
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19
Q

____ are signaling molecules that recruit immune cells to the infection site and may signal other immunological responses.

A

Cytokines

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20
Q

____ bind to the membranes of gram-negative bacteria and disrupt it, promoting phagocytosis of the pathogen.

A

Antimicrobial peptides

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21
Q

The activation of the ____ assists other immune activities in clearing pathogens.

A

Complement

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22
Q

The complement forms the ____, which forms a pore in the membrane of a pathogen to kill it.

A

Membrane attack complex
(MAC)

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23
Q

____, or white blood cells, are the innate immune cells.

A

Leukocytes

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24
Q

List the eight types of leukocytes.

A
  1. Natural killers (NK)
  2. Monocytes
  3. Macrophages
  4. Neutrophils
  5. Eosinophils
  6. Basophils
  7. Mast cells
  8. Dendritic cells
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25
Q

____ kill virus-infected cells by creating a pore in their membranes and causing them to undergo apoptosis.

A

Natural-killer (NK) cells

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26
Q

____ are the immature form of macrophages and circulate in the blood until signaled to an infection site.

A

Monocytes

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27
Q

Monocytes mature into macrophages when they…

A

Are signaled to an infection site

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28
Q

____ kill pathogens by phagocytosis, and exist in the extracellular fluid to engulf any microbes or debris.

A

Macrophages

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29
Q

____ enter infected tissues to kill parasites, and also produce defensins.

A

Neutrophils

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30
Q

____ release toxins to kill parasites.

A

Eosinophils

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31
Q

____ and ____ release chemicals that trigger the inflammatory response, such as histamine.

A

Basophils and mast cells

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32
Q

____ are involved in both innate and adaptive immunity.

A

Dendritic cells

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33
Q

In the innate immune system, dendritic cells…..

A

Bind to pathogens, causing the release of cytokines and the inflammatory response

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34
Q

In the adaptive immune system, dendritic cells…

A

Present antigens to lymphocytes

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35
Q

List the five hallmarks of inflammation.

A
  1. Heat
  2. Redness
  3. Swelling
  4. Pain
  5. Possible loss of function
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36
Q

During the innate inflammatory response, infected cells release chemical alarm signals that cause blood vessels to…

A

Dilate

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37
Q

The dilation of blood vessels results in more blood flow, causing the site to become…

A

Red and warm

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38
Q

Swelling at the inflammation site is caused by…

A

Capillaries becoming more permeable

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39
Q

____ can enter the inflammation site through the capillaries to kill pathogens and recruit monocytes.

A

Neutrophils

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40
Q

During the innate inflammatory response, ____ release cytokine interleukin-1.

A

Macrophages

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41
Q

Cytokine interleukin-1 travels to the brain and causes the hypothalamus to…

A

Raise the body’s set temperature

42
Q

Fever promotes ____ and impedes ____.

A

Phagocyte activity ; the growth of some microbes

43
Q

Fever reduces the levels of ____ in the blood by causing it to be stored in the liver and spleen.

44
Q

____ are foreign macromolecules that incite an imune response.

45
Q

____ are the particular sites on an antigen that elicit the immune response.

46
Q

True or false:

Each epitope on an antigen can stimulate an immune response.

47
Q

The adaptive immune system can remember specific pathogens by their ____ and mount a quick response to reinfection.

A

Specific antigen

48
Q

The cells involved in adaptive immunity are called…

A

Lymphocytes

49
Q

The adaptive immune system maintains a ____ of past invaders.

A

Molecular memory

50
Q

The organs that support the adaptive immune system are called the…

A

Lymphoid organs

51
Q

The ____ are the sites of lymphocyte production and maturation.

A

Primary lymphoid organs

52
Q

List the two primary lymphoid organs.

A
  1. Bone marrow
  2. Thymus
53
Q

B-cells and T-cells are produced in the…

A

Bone marrow

54
Q

____ mature in the bone marrow.

55
Q

____ mature in the thymus.

56
Q

Lymphocytes undergo selection so that they can…

A

Properly identify self and non-self

57
Q

____ are where mature lymphocytes go to search for their targets.

A

Secondary lymphoid organs

58
Q

List the three secondary lymphoid organs.

A
  1. Lymph nodes
  2. Spleen
  3. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
59
Q

Cells of the ____ travel to secondary lymphoid organs to present the antigen of the invading pathogen to lymphocytes.

A

Innate immune system

60
Q

The cells that present antigens to the lymphocytes are called…

A

Antigen-presenting cells
(APCs)

61
Q

____ and ____ are APCs that signal the adaptive immune system.

A

Dendritic cells and macrophages

62
Q

Antigen-presenting cells are recognized by specific…

A

Helper T-cells

63
Q

____ secrete cytokine to stimulate the adaptive immune response.

A

Helper T-cells

64
Q

List the two parts of the adaptive immune response.

A
  1. Humoral immunity
  2. Cell-mediated immunity
65
Q

In ____, B-cells use antibodies embedded in their cell membranes to recognize intact antigens on invading pathogens.

A

Humoral immunity

66
Q

In ____, T-cells bind to antigens that have been digested and presented by APCs.

A

Cell-mediated immunity

67
Q

True or false:

Humoral immunity is what causes the T-cells to respond to foreign antigens on transplanted tissues.

A

False

Cell-mediated immunity does this

68
Q

____ are B-cells that have not been activated and have antibodies on their surfaces.

A

Naive B-cells

69
Q

When a naive B-cell is is activated, it differentiates into…

A

Plasma cells and memory B-cells

70
Q

____ produce antibodies against the antigen that activated the naive B-cell.

A

Plasma cells

71
Q

____ recognize virally-infected host cells or tumor cells using antigens on the cell’s surface.

A

Cytotoxic T-cells

72
Q

____ direct the immune response by releasing cytokines, activating naive B-cells, and producing memory helper T-cells.

A

Helper T-cells

73
Q

True or false:

Helper T-cells do not kill host cells or pathogen cells directly.

74
Q

The ____ direct cell-mediated immunity by indicating self and non-self.

A

Major histocompatibility complex proteins

75
Q

Major histocompatibility complex proteins are encoded by the ____ in DNA, and are unique to each individual.

A

Major histocompatibility complex
(MHC)

76
Q

____ dot the surface of tissue cells to mark them as self, and bind to fragments of other proteins.

A

MHC proteins

77
Q

If an MHC protein binds to a fragment of a foreign antigen, it will…

A

Activate the cell-mediated immune response

78
Q

In a healthy cell, most of the protein fragments bound to MHC proteins are…

A

Fragments of normal proteins

79
Q

List the two types of MHC proteins.

A
  1. MHC class 1
  2. MHC class 2
80
Q

____ are found on every nucleated cell in the body, and can activate cytotoxic T-cells.

A

MHC class 1 proteins

81
Q

____ are found on APCs and activate helper T-cells.

A

MHC class 2 proteins

82
Q

The only cells that have both classes of MHC proteins on their surfaces are…

A

Antigen-presenting cells

83
Q

____ are activated when they encounter MHC class 2 proteins bound to antigens on APCs.

A

Helper T-celsl

84
Q

When activated, helper T-cells undergo cell division to produce…

A

Memory helper T-cells and activated helper T-cells

85
Q

____ determine to what extent the immune response will be cell-mediated or humoral.

A

Activated helper T-cells

86
Q

If a helper T-cell finds a B-cell that is presenting an antigen, it will…

A

Secrete cytokines that activate humoral immunity

87
Q

If a helper T-cell finds a macrophage presenting an antigen, it will…

A

Secrete cytokines that activate cell-mediated immunity

88
Q

The secretion of cytokines by helper T-cells is a form of…

A

Paracrine signaling

89
Q

In cell-mediated immunity, ____ are activated when they encounter an MHC class 1 protein bound to an antigen on an APC.

A

Naive cytotoxic T-cells

90
Q

When naive B- or T-cells are activated, they divide and differentiate, a process called…

A

Clonal expansion

91
Q

Naive cytotoxic T-cells undergo clonal expansion to produce…

A

Activated cytotoxic T-cells and memory cytotoxic T-cells

92
Q

____ roam the body and destroy cells that display the same antigen as the one that activated the naive T-cell.

A

Activated cytotoxic T-cells

93
Q

____ remember an antigen and allow for a speedy reaction if future body cells are infected by the pathogen.

A

Memory cytotoxic T-cells

94
Q

Antibodies are also sometimes called…

A

Immunoglobin

95
Q

____ are proteins that bind to antigens but do not directly kill pathogens.

A

Antibodies

96
Q

____ help kill pathogens by causing an immune response or activating complement.

A

Antibodies

97
Q

Each antibody is made up of two heavy chains and two light chains that interlock to form a…

98
Q

The ____ of an antibody is unique to that antibody and is the region that binds to the antigen.

A

Variable region

99
Q

The ____ of an antibody is the same within each class of antibodies, and determines the antibody’s function.

A

Constant region

100
Q

The response of the adaptive immune system to a new pathogen is slow because…

A

There may only be a few lymphocytes with the appropriate receptors

101
Q

The response of the adaptive immune system to a pathogen it’s encountered before is fast because…

A

When a memory cell encounters its antigen, it responds faster than a naive cell

BIOL 1106 (17 decks)

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