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BIOL 1106 > 4: Plant Nutrition and Defense > Flashcards

4: Plant Nutrition and Defense Flashcards

Module 1, Lesson 4

1
Q

Plants are able to photosynthesize the sugars necessary for their…

A

Metabolic needs

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2
Q

____ are those nutrients needed in relatively large amounts.

A

Macronutrients

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3
Q

List the nine macronutrients.

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Hydrogen
  3. Oxygen
  4. Nitrogen
  5. Potassium
  6. Calcium
  7. Magnesium
  8. Phosphorus
  9. Sulfur
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4
Q

____ are those nutrients needed in relatively small amounts.

A

Micronutrients

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5
Q

List the seven micronutrients.

A
  1. Chlorine
  2. Iron
  3. Boron
  4. Zinc
  5. Manganese
  6. Copper
  7. Molybdenum
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6
Q

____ is the highly weathered outer layer of the Earth’s crust.

A

Soil

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7
Q

The majority of nutrients necessary for plants can be found in the…

A

Soil

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8
Q

List the eight components of soil.

A
  1. Sand
  2. Rocks
  3. Clay
  4. Silt
  5. Organic matter
  6. Humus
  7. Microorganisms
  8. Minerals
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9
Q

____ are the solid crystalline forms of ~92 naturally-occurring elements.

A

Minerals

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10
Q

The soil’s composition determines its…

A

Physical properties

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11
Q

List the three major layers of soil.

A
  1. Topsoil
  2. Subsoil
  3. Bedrock
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12
Q

The layer of soil most rich in organic matter is the…

A

Topsoil

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13
Q

Dissolved ____ percolate down through the soil in water.

A

Minerals and nutrients

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14
Q

Most plant roots are located in the…

A

Topsoil

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15
Q

Nutrients that have leached off rocks collect in the…

A

Subsoil

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16
Q

Water moves laterally in the ____, where it works its way back to a river, stream, or lake.

A

Bedrock

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17
Q

About half of the soil volume contains…

A

Pores

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18
Q

True or false:

Pores may be filled with air, water, or both.

A

True

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19
Q

Roots need ____ to respire.

A

Air

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20
Q

Plants need a ____ to absorb water and dissolve nutrients.

A

Moist environment

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21
Q

____ adhere water to soil particles and help dissolve nutrients.

A

Hydrogen bonds

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22
Q

The soil composition can determine the relative proportions of…

A

Air and water

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23
Q

Most plants do best in soil that has a balance of…

A

Sand, silt, and clay

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24
Q

Roots can only uptake nutrients that are…

A

Dissolved in water
(in their ionic form)

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25
Q

The typical soil particle has a ____ charge.

A

Negative

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26
Q

____ tend to cling to soil particles.

A

Cations

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27
Q

To uptake cations from the soil, plants use a method called…

A

Cation exchange

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28
Q

List the three main steps of cation exchange.

A
  1. The presence of anions in solution creates a charge gradient
  2. ATP proton pumps move H+ ions out of the roots
  3. Cations are released and become available for uptake
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29
Q

True or false:

Plants must also use a special method to uptake anions.

A

False

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30
Q

____ are subject to leaching - being washed out of soil by heavy rainfall.

A

Anions

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31
Q

____ stay dissolved in pores.

A

Anions

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32
Q

True or false:

Plants can uptake nitrogen directly from the atmosphere.

A

False

They cannot uptake N2, atmospheric nitrogen

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33
Q

Plants cannot uptake N2 because…

A

There is a strong triple bond between the nitrogen atoms

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34
Q

List two usable forms of nitrogen.

A
  1. Ammonia
  2. Nitrates
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35
Q

Some prokaryotes can convert N2 into usable forms, a process called…

A

Nitrogen fixation

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36
Q

Many plants rely on ____ to increase the supply of usable nitrogen in the soil.

A

Nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes

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37
Q

Plants in the legume family have symbiotic relationships with…

A

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

38
Q

The nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium bacteria receive ____ from the legume plant.

A

Oxygen and carbohydrates

39
Q

The legume plant receives ____ from the Rhizobium bacteria.

A

Usable nitrogen

40
Q

Many plant roots have symbiotic relationships with ____ to help uptake nutrients.

A

Mycorrhizal fungi

41
Q

About ____ of vascular plants have symbiotic relationships with mycorrhizal fungi.

42
Q

Mycorrhizal fungi receive ____ from the plant.

A

Photosynthesized sugars

43
Q

Mycorrhizal fungi help plants by enhancing…

A

Uptake of phosphorus and some micronutrients

44
Q

Some plants have become ____ as a strategy to obtain nutrients that are in low supply.

A

Carnivorous

45
Q

Carnivorous plants use modified leaves, hairs, and trichomes to…

A

Trap insects

46
Q

Carnivorous plants extract ____ from digested insects

47
Q

List four examples of carnivorous plants.

A
  1. Venus flytrap
  2. Pitcher plant
  3. Sundew
  4. Aquatic waterwheel
48
Q

____ gain nutrients by exploiting a host plant.

A

Parasitic plants

49
Q

True or false:

Parasitic plants can be photosynthetic or non-photosynthetic.

50
Q

Photosynthetic parasitic plants extract ____ from their hosts.

A

Inorganic nutrients and water

51
Q

Non-photosynthetic parasitic plants extract ____ from their hosts.

A

Manufactured sugars

52
Q

List two examples of parasitic plants.

A
  1. Dodder
  2. Indian pipe
53
Q

____ is the use of plants to help clean up polluted areas and damaged ecosystems.

A

Phytoremediation

54
Q

List three ways that certain plants can absorb toxins from the soil.

A
  1. Phytodegradation
  2. Phytovolatilization
  3. Phytoaccumulation
55
Q

____ occurs when a toxin is broken down by a plant.

A

Phytodegradation

56
Q

____ occurs when a toxin is released through a plant’s stomata.

A

Phytovolatilization

57
Q

____ occurs when a pollutant remains in plant tissues.

A

Phytoaccumulation

58
Q

List four major threats that plants must defend themselves against.

A
  1. Herbivores
  2. Pathogens
  3. Extreme environments
  4. Other plants
59
Q

The first line of defense in many plants is the…

A

Dermal tissue
(physical barriers)

60
Q

The waxy cuticle found on epidermal cells protects against…

(two)

A
  1. Water loss
  2. Pathogen entry
61
Q

Some plant cells contain suberin, which…

(three)

A
  1. Stops water loss
  2. Defends against pathogen entry
  3. Seals wounds
62
Q

List three types of physical barriers found in dermal tissue.

A
  1. Cuticle
  2. Suberin
  3. Specialized structures
63
Q

If the dermal tissue is damaged, then…

A

Pathogens can enter the plant

64
Q

Many fungi will attempt to enter a plant by looking for…

A

Weak spots or openings in dermal tissue

65
Q

Many prokaryotes rely on ____ to gain access to a plant’s interior.

A

Mechanical damage or wounds

66
Q

Nematodes can gain access to a plant by…

A

Chewing through cell walls

67
Q

List four types of chemical defenses that plants may have.

A
  1. Plant toxins
  2. Defensins
  3. Secondary metabolites
  4. Allelopathy
68
Q

____ help protect plants by killing, weakening, or repelling herbivores.

A

Plant toxins

69
Q

____ are small peptides with antimicrobial activity.

70
Q

Some defensins can also limit…

A

Enzyme activity and protein synthesis

71
Q

____ are compounds not directly involved in development, growth, or reproduction.

A

Secondary metabolites

72
Q

List two major ways that plants use secondary metabolites.

A
  1. Interacting with the environment
  2. Defense
73
Q

____ plants secrete chemicals that block seed germination or inhibit nearby plant growth.

A

Allelopathic

74
Q

Some plants protect themselves by forming ____ with animals.

A

Mutualistic relationships

75
Q

The relationship between parasitoid wasps and some plants is an example of a…

A

Mutualistic relationship

76
Q

List the two main types of wound responses in plants.

A
  1. Static defenses
  2. Inducible defenses
77
Q

____ must be maintained regardless of whether a threat exists.

A

Static plant defenses

78
Q

Static defenses are very effective but…

A

Create a high energy demand

79
Q

____ become active only when a threat is detected.

A

Inducible defenses

80
Q

List the five main steps of inducible wound defense in tomato plants.

A
  1. Leaves produce systemin
  2. Systemin uses phloem to travel throughout the plant
  3. Systemin binds to a receptor
  4. The receptor initiates the production of jasmonic acid
  5. Jasmonic acid activates genes that code for proteinase inhibitors
81
Q

____ is a signal molecule used in inducible wound defense.

82
Q

When a plant is wounded, ____ activates transcription of genes that code for a proteinase inhibitor.

A

Jasmonic acid

83
Q

____ inhibit protein-degrading enzymes, resulting in a bad-tasting plant that can’t be digested.

A

Proteinase inhibitors

84
Q

List the three major points of the gene-for-gene hypothesis.

A
  1. Pathogens produce proteins using avr genes
  2. Plants produce receptors using R genes
  3. Plants and pathogens both develop new avr genes and R genes to counteract the other.
85
Q

If a plant’s R genes successfully recognize a pathogen’s avr gene…

A

The plant can initiate a hypersensitive response

86
Q

A ____ to infection results in destruction of the infected cell and surrounding cells.

A

Hypersensitive response

87
Q

If a plant’s R genes fail to recognize a pathogen’s avr gene, then…

A

The pathogen can infect the host and reproduce

88
Q

A ____ seals off the pathogen from the rest of the plant.

A

Hypersensitive response

89
Q

After a hypersensitive response, a ____ may be released to notify all other plant tissues of the infection.

A

Signal molecule

90
Q

____ is a temporary, broad-ranging response to attack in the rest of the plant.

A

Systemic Acquired Resistance
(SAR)

BIOL 1106 (8 decks)

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