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BIOL 1106 > 7: Organization of Animal Bodies & Homeostasis > Flashcards

7: Organization of Animal Bodies & Homeostasis Flashcards

Module 2, Lesson 1

1
Q

List the four main types of tissue found in vertebrates.

A
  1. Muscle
  2. Epithelial
  3. Nerve
  4. Connective
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2
Q

Tissue development occurs very early in…

A

Embryonic development

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3
Q

During early embryonic development, the zygote’s rapid cleavage ends with the production of a…

A

Blastula

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4
Q

____ is a process involving a complex series of cell shape changes and cell movements.

A

Gastrulation

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5
Q

Gastrulation occurs in the…

A

Blastula

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6
Q

List the three primary germ layers created during gastrulation.

A
  1. Endoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Ectoderm
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7
Q

____ establishes the basic body plan of a vertebrate embryo.

A

Gastrulation

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8
Q

The outermost cell layer of the blastula is the…

A

Ectoderm

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9
Q

List three structures formed by the ectoderm.

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Lining of the oral cavity
  3. Nervous system
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10
Q

The middle layer of the blastula is the…

A

Mesoderm

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11
Q

List five structures formed by the mesoderm.

A
  1. Skeleton
  2. Muscles
  3. Circulatory system
  4. Reproductive organs
  5. Dermis
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12
Q

The innermost layer of the blastula is the…

A

Endoderm

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13
Q

List three structures formed from the endoderm.

A
  1. Inner lining of digestive system
  2. Inner lining of respiratory system
  3. Inner lining of major glands
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14
Q

____ tissue covers all surfaces of the body.

A

Epithelial

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15
Q

True or false:

Epithelial tissues only come from the ectoderm.

A

False

They can come from any of the three germ layers

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16
Q

____ creates a protective barrier that facilitates or impedes the movement of substances.

A

Epithelial tissue

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17
Q

The cells in the ____ are tightly bound together.

A

Epithelial tissue

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18
Q

List the three classifications of epithelial tissue based on how the cells are layered.

A
  1. Simple
  2. Stratified
  3. Pseudo-stratified
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19
Q

____ epithelial tissue consists of a single layer of cells.

A

Simple

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20
Q

____ epithelial tissue consists of multiple layers of cells.

A

Stratified

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21
Q

____ epithelial tissue has cells that appear to be stacked on top of each other but are not.

A

Pseudo-stratified

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22
Q

List the three classifications of epithelial tissue based on cell shape.

A
  1. Squamous (flat)
  2. Cuboidal
  3. Columnar
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23
Q

Connective tissues are derived from the…

A

Mesoderm

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24
Q

List the two major classes of connective tissue.

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Special connective tissue
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25
Q

List the two types of connective tissue proper.

A
  1. Loose tissue
  2. Dense tissue
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26
Q

Loose connective tissues are found…

(two)

A
  1. Beneath the skin
  2. Between organs
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27
Q

Fat (adipose) tissue is a type of…

A

Loose connective tissue

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28
Q

True or false:

In an adult, gaining or losing weight does not change the number of fat cells in the body.

A

True

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29
Q

List three main functions of fat cells.

A
  1. Energy storage
  2. Insulation
  3. Cushioning internal organs
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30
Q

Dense connective tissue is found in…

(four)

A
  1. Tendons
  2. Ligaments
  3. Organ coverings
  4. Nerve coverings
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31
Q

Special connective tissues are found in…

(three)

A
  1. Cartilage
  2. Bone
  3. Blood
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32
Q

Connective tissue cells are embedded in a(n)….

A

Extracellular matrix

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33
Q

The extracellular matrix is composed of…

A
  1. Watery ground tissue
  2. Protein fibers
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34
Q

True or false:

The extracellular matrix can be liquid or solid.

A

True

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35
Q

____ is a protein fiber that forms a meshwork which is strong under tension.

A

Collagen

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36
Q

____ is a protein fiber that makes tissues elastic.

A

Elastin

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37
Q

____ tissue is specialized for contraction.

A

Muscle

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38
Q

Contraction is a(n) ____ event initiated by the nervous system.

A

Voluntary

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39
Q

List the three main types of muscle tissue.

A
  1. Smooth
  2. Skeletal
  3. Cardiac
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40
Q

Smooth muscle tissue contracts…

A

Involuntarily

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41
Q

List three locations where smooth muscle tissue is found.

A
  1. Organs
  2. Lining of the blood vessels
  3. Irises of the eyes
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42
Q

____ contracts voluntarily to cause movement.

A

Skeletal muscle

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43
Q

____ is attached to bones by tendons.

A

Skeletal muscle

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44
Q

Cardiac muscle is found in the…

A

Heart

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45
Q

Cardiac muscle contracts ____, initiated by special cardiac muscle cells.

A

Involuntarily

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46
Q

List the two main cell types found in nerve tissue.

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Neuroglia
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47
Q

____ are cells specialized to conduct electrical impulses.

48
Q

List the three main parts of a neuron.

A
  1. Cell body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axons
49
Q

On a neuron, the ____ receive incoming signals.

50
Q

On a neuron, the ____ conduct electrical impulses.

51
Q

True or false:

Neuroglia can conduct electrical impulses.

52
Q

The ____ are responsible for supporting neurons in various ways.

53
Q

The ____ is composed of the skin and related organs.

A

Integumentary system

54
Q

List the four organs that make up the integumentary system.

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
  3. Subcutaneous layer
  4. Accessory organs
55
Q

The ____ is made up of stratified squamous epithelial cells.

56
Q

As cells rise to the surface of the epidermis, they…

A

Move further from blood vessels and eventually die

57
Q

The ____ is a region of the skin containing a variety of proteins.

58
Q

____ and ____ are proteins that give skin its flexible properties.

A

Collagen and elastin

59
Q

The ____ is the location of blood vessels, nerves, oil and sweat glands, and hair follicles in the skin.

60
Q

The ____ is located underneath the dermis.

A

Hypodermis / subcutaneous layer

61
Q

The subcutaneous layer is primarily composed of…

A

Adipose tissue

62
Q

The ____ anchors the skin to surrounding organs while allowing it to move freely above the underlying tissues.

A

Subcutaneous layer

63
Q

____ in the skin include hair, nails, oil glands, and sweat glands.

A

Accessory organs

64
Q

The largest organ in the body is the…

65
Q

Which layer of the skin is not technically part of the integumentary system?

A

Subcutaneous layer

66
Q

List four major functions of the skin.

A
  1. Protection
  2. Regulation of body temperature
  3. Vitamin D synthesis
  4. Sensing the environment
67
Q

List four things that the skin protects against.

A
  1. Water loss/entry
  2. Pathogens
  3. UV radiation
  4. Physical damage
68
Q

____ is a waterproof protein made by cells in the outer epidermis.

69
Q

In addition to being waterproof, keratinized skin cells provide a barrier against…

A

Pathogen entry

70
Q

____ are special epidermal cells that produce melanin.

A

Melanocytes

71
Q

____ causes darkening of skin and protects cell nuclei from UV radiation.

72
Q

____ skin cells help protect organs from physical damage.

A

Keratinized

73
Q

Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin are important for…

A

Regulating body temperature

74
Q

Vitamin D synthesis is important for maintaining proper levels of…

75
Q

The production of ____ occurs in epidermal cells, and requires exposure to small amounts of UV radiation.

76
Q

Cells tend to operate most efficiently within narrow…

A

Extracellular conditions

77
Q

The dynamic constancy of an animal’s internal environment is called…

A

Homeostasis

78
Q

____ means that conditions are never truly constant, but fluctuate within narrow limits.

A

Dynamic constancy

79
Q

The body maintains homeostasis using…

A

Negative feedback

80
Q

List the three components of a negative feedback loop.

A
  1. Sensor
  2. Integrating center
  3. Effector
81
Q

In a negative feedback loop, the ____ constantly monitors internal and external conditions.

82
Q

In a negative feedback loop, the ____ compares conditions to a pre-established set point.

A

Integrating center

83
Q

If conditions deviate from the set point, the integrating center will stimulate…

84
Q

In a negative feedback loop, ____ reverse the direction of initial change to return the system to the set point.

85
Q

In endotherms, temperature regulation is an example of a…

A

Negative feedback loop

86
Q

For temperature regulation in humans, neurons in the hypothalamus act as the…

A

Sensors and the integrating center

87
Q

List three examples of effectors in regulating body temperature.

A
  1. Blood vessels
  2. Muscles
  3. Sweat glands
88
Q

True or false:

Positive feedback is much more common than negative feedback for maintaining homeostasis.

89
Q

In a ____, the effector works to reinforce the stimulus rather than counteract it.

A

Positive feedback loop

90
Q

A positive feedback loop moves the homestatic value ____ the set point.

A

Farther from

91
Q

Childbirth is an example of a ____ feedback loop.

92
Q

Regulating body temperature is critical due to the effects of temperature on…

A

Enzymatic activity

93
Q

Temperature affects the rate of…

A

Chemical reactions

94
Q

Temperatures that are too high can…

A

Denature enzymes

95
Q

The ____ of an animal operates most efficiently within set temperature limits.

A

Metabolism

96
Q

The body temperature of an animal is dependent on…

A

Heat produced and heat transferred

97
Q

List the four major methods of heat transfer.

A
  1. Radiation
  2. Conduction
  3. Convection
  4. Evaporation
98
Q

____ is heat transfer by electromagnetic radiation.

99
Q

Which two types of heat transfer go from warmer bodies to colder bodies?

A

Radiation and conduction

100
Q

____ is heat transfer through direct contact.

A

Conduction

101
Q

____ is heat transfer through water or air.

A

Convection

102
Q

True or false:

Convection can lead to either heat loss or heat gain.

103
Q

____ is heat transfer through evaporation of water on body surfaces.

A

Evaporation

104
Q

Evaporation results in heat…

105
Q

List the two groups into which animals are classified based on how they generate body heat.

A
  1. Endotherms
  2. Ecotherms
106
Q

Animals that use their metabolism to generate body heat are called…

A

Endotherms

107
Q

True or false:

Ectotherms use their metabolism to maintain a higher internal temperature than the ambient environment.

A

False

Endotherms do this

108
Q

Animals that use external sources to maintain their body temperature are called…

A

Ectotherms

109
Q

____ typically have little insulation and high conductivity.

A

Ectotherms

110
Q

In mammals, smaller animals tend to have ____ metabolic rates.

111
Q

True or false:

Smaller mammals use more energy per unit of body mass than large animals do.

112
Q

Smaller mammals have a ____ surface area-to-volume ratio than larger mammals.

113
Q

Larger mammals tend to have ____ metabolic rates than smaller mammals.

114
Q

Larger mammals have a ____ surface area-to-volume ratio than smaller mammals.

115
Q

____ mammals must have mechanisms to dissipate heat in hot environments.

116
Q

Heat is lost to the environment through ____ and retained through ____.

A

Surface area ; body mass

117
Q

True or false:

Small animals lose heat much faster than large animals.

BIOL 1106 (8 decks)

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