7: Organization of Animal Bodies & Homeostasis Flashcards
Module 2, Lesson 1
1
Q
List the four main types of tissue found in vertebrates.
A
- Muscle
- Epithelial
- Nerve
- Connective
2
Q
Tissue development occurs very early in…
A
Embryonic development
3
Q
During early embryonic development, the zygote’s rapid cleavage ends with the production of a…
A
Blastula
4
Q
____ is a process involving a complex series of cell shape changes and cell movements.
A
Gastrulation
5
Q
Gastrulation occurs in the…
A
Blastula
6
Q
List the three primary germ layers created during gastrulation.
A
- Endoderm
- Mesoderm
- Ectoderm
7
Q
____ establishes the basic body plan of a vertebrate embryo.
A
Gastrulation
8
Q
The outermost cell layer of the blastula is the…
A
Ectoderm
9
Q
List three structures formed by the ectoderm.
A
- Epidermis
- Lining of the oral cavity
- Nervous system
10
Q
The middle layer of the blastula is the…
A
Mesoderm
11
Q
List five structures formed by the mesoderm.
A
- Skeleton
- Muscles
- Circulatory system
- Reproductive organs
- Dermis
12
Q
The innermost layer of the blastula is the…
A
Endoderm
13
Q
List three structures formed from the endoderm.
A
- Inner lining of digestive system
- Inner lining of respiratory system
- Inner lining of major glands
14
Q
____ tissue covers all surfaces of the body.
A
Epithelial
15
Q
True or false:
Epithelial tissues only come from the ectoderm.
A
False
They can come from any of the three germ layers
16
Q
____ creates a protective barrier that facilitates or impedes the movement of substances.
A
Epithelial tissue
17
Q
The cells in the ____ are tightly bound together.
A
Epithelial tissue
18
Q
List the three classifications of epithelial tissue based on how the cells are layered.
A
- Simple
- Stratified
- Pseudo-stratified
19
Q
____ epithelial tissue consists of a single layer of cells.
A
Simple
20
Q
____ epithelial tissue consists of multiple layers of cells.
A
Stratified
21
Q
____ epithelial tissue has cells that appear to be stacked on top of each other but are not.
A
Pseudo-stratified
22
Q
List the three classifications of epithelial tissue based on cell shape.
A
- Squamous (flat)
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
23
Q
Connective tissues are derived from the…
A
Mesoderm
24
Q
List the two major classes of connective tissue.
A
- Connective tissue proper
- Special connective tissue
25
List the two types of connective tissue proper.
1. Loose tissue
2. Dense tissue
26
Loose connective tissues are found...
| (two)
1. Beneath the skin
2. Between organs
27
Fat (adipose) tissue is a type of...
Loose connective tissue
28
# True or false:
In an adult, gaining or losing weight does not change the number of fat cells in the body.
True
29
List three main functions of fat cells.
1. Energy storage
2. Insulation
3. Cushioning internal organs
30
Dense connective tissue is found in...
| (four)
1. Tendons
2. Ligaments
3. Organ coverings
4. Nerve coverings
31
Special connective tissues are found in...
| (three)
1. Cartilage
2. Bone
3. Blood
32
Connective tissue cells are embedded in a(n)....
Extracellular matrix
33
The extracellular matrix is composed of...
1. Watery ground tissue
2. Protein fibers
34
# True or false:
The extracellular matrix can be liquid or solid.
True
35
____ is a protein fiber that forms a meshwork which is strong under tension.
Collagen
36
____ is a protein fiber that makes tissues elastic.
Elastin
37
____ tissue is specialized for contraction.
Muscle
38
Contraction is a(n) ____ event initiated by the nervous system.
Voluntary
39
List the three main types of muscle tissue.
1. Smooth
2. Skeletal
3. Cardiac
40
Smooth muscle tissue contracts...
Involuntarily
41
List three locations where smooth muscle tissue is found.
1. Organs
2. Lining of the blood vessels
3. Irises of the eyes
42
____ contracts voluntarily to cause movement.
Skeletal muscle
43
____ is attached to bones by tendons.
Skeletal muscle
44
Cardiac muscle is found in the...
Heart
45
Cardiac muscle contracts ____, initiated by special cardiac muscle cells.
Involuntarily
46
List the two main cell types found in nerve tissue.
1. Neurons
2. Neuroglia
47
____ are cells specialized to conduct electrical impulses.
Neurons
48
List the three main parts of a neuron.
1. Cell body
2. Dendrites
3. Axons
49
On a neuron, the ____ receive incoming signals.
Dendrites
50
On a neuron, the ____ conduct electrical impulses.
Axons
51
# True or false:
Neuroglia can conduct electrical impulses.
False
52
The ____ are responsible for supporting neurons in various ways.
Neuroglia
53
The ____ is composed of the skin and related organs.
Integumentary system
54
List the four organs that make up the integumentary system.
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Subcutaneous layer
4. Accessory organs
55
The ____ is made up of stratified squamous epithelial cells.
Epidermis
56
As cells rise to the surface of the epidermis, they...
Move further from blood vessels and eventually die
57
The ____ is a region of the skin containing a variety of proteins.
Dermis
58
____ and ____ are proteins that give skin its flexible properties.
Collagen and elastin
59
The ____ is the location of blood vessels, nerves, oil and sweat glands, and hair follicles in the skin.
Dermis
60
The ____ is located underneath the dermis.
Hypodermis / subcutaneous layer
61
The subcutaneous layer is primarily composed of...
Adipose tissue
62
The ____ anchors the skin to surrounding organs while allowing it to move freely above the underlying tissues.
Subcutaneous layer
63
____ in the skin include hair, nails, oil glands, and sweat glands.
Accessory organs
64
The largest organ in the body is the...
Skin
65
Which layer of the skin is not technically part of the integumentary system?
Subcutaneous layer
66
List four major functions of the skin.
1. Protection
2. Regulation of body temperature
3. Vitamin D synthesis
4. Sensing the environment
67
List four things that the skin protects against.
1. Water loss/entry
2. Pathogens
3. UV radiation
4. Physical damage
68
____ is a waterproof protein made by cells in the outer epidermis.
Keratin
69
In addition to being waterproof, keratinized skin cells provide a barrier against...
Pathogen entry
70
____ are special epidermal cells that produce melanin.
Melanocytes
71
____ causes darkening of skin and protects cell nuclei from UV radiation.
Melanin
72
____ skin cells help protect organs from physical damage.
Keratinized
73
Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin are important for...
Regulating body temperature
74
Vitamin D synthesis is important for maintaining proper levels of...
Calcium
75
The production of ____ occurs in epidermal cells, and requires exposure to small amounts of UV radiation.
Vitamin D
76
Cells tend to operate most efficiently within narrow...
Extracellular conditions
77
The dynamic constancy of an animal's internal environment is called...
Homeostasis
78
____ means that conditions are never truly constant, but fluctuate within narrow limits.
Dynamic constancy
79
The body maintains homeostasis using...
Negative feedback
80
List the three components of a negative feedback loop.
1. Sensor
2. Integrating center
3. Effector
81
In a negative feedback loop, the ____ constantly monitors internal and external conditions.
Sensor
82
In a negative feedback loop, the ____ compares conditions to a pre-established set point.
Integrating center
83
If conditions deviate from the set point, the integrating center will stimulate...
Effectors
84
In a negative feedback loop, ____ reverse the direction of initial change to return the system to the set point.
Effectors
85
In endotherms, temperature regulation is an example of a...
Negative feedback loop
86
For temperature regulation in humans, neurons in the hypothalamus act as the...
Sensors and the integrating center
87
List three examples of effectors in regulating body temperature.
1. Blood vessels
2. Muscles
3. Sweat glands
88
# True or false:
Positive feedback is much more common than negative feedback for maintaining homeostasis.
False
89
In a ____, the effector works to reinforce the stimulus rather than counteract it.
Positive feedback loop
90
A positive feedback loop moves the homestatic value ____ the set point.
Farther from
91
Childbirth is an example of a ____ feedback loop.
Positive
92
Regulating body temperature is critical due to the effects of temperature on...
Enzymatic activity
93
Temperature affects the rate of...
Chemical reactions
94
Temperatures that are too high can...
Denature enzymes
95
The ____ of an animal operates most efficiently within set temperature limits.
Metabolism
96
The body temperature of an animal is dependent on...
Heat produced and heat transferred
97
List the four major methods of heat transfer.
1. Radiation
2. Conduction
3. Convection
4. Evaporation
98
____ is heat transfer by electromagnetic radiation.
Radiation
99
Which two types of heat transfer go from warmer bodies to colder bodies?
Radiation and conduction
100
____ is heat transfer through direct contact.
Conduction
101
____ is heat transfer through water or air.
Convection
102
# True or false:
Convection can lead to either heat loss or heat gain.
True
103
____ is heat transfer through evaporation of water on body surfaces.
Evaporation
104
Evaporation results in heat...
Loss
105
List the two groups into which animals are classified based on how they generate body heat.
1. Endotherms
2. Ecotherms
106
Animals that use their metabolism to generate body heat are called...
Endotherms
107
# True or false:
Ectotherms use their metabolism to maintain a higher internal temperature than the ambient environment.
False
Endotherms do this
108
Animals that use external sources to maintain their body temperature are called...
Ectotherms
109
____ typically have little insulation and high conductivity.
Ectotherms
110
In mammals, smaller animals tend to have ____ metabolic rates.
Higher
111
# True or false:
Smaller mammals use more energy per unit of body mass than large animals do.
True
112
Smaller mammals have a ____ surface area-to-volume ratio than larger mammals.
Higher
113
Larger mammals tend to have ____ metabolic rates than smaller mammals.
Lower
114
Larger mammals have a ____ surface area-to-volume ratio than smaller mammals.
Lower
115
____ mammals must have mechanisms to dissipate heat in hot environments.
Larger
116
Heat is lost to the environment through ____ and retained through ____.
Surface area ; body mass
117
# True or false:
Small animals lose heat much faster than large animals.
True
