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BIOL 1106 > 3: Transport Throughout the Plant > Flashcards

3: Transport Throughout the Plant Flashcards

Module 1, Lesson 3

1
Q

In order to live on land, plants needed a method of…

A

Transporting water and nutrients between the roots nd the leaves

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2
Q

True or false:

Water flows through the xylem in only one direction.

A

True

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3
Q

Water travels from the ____ to the ____.

A

Roots ; leaves

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4
Q

True or false:

Carbohydrates and sugars travel through the phloem in both directions.

A

True

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5
Q

Plants can move materials across cell membranes using both…

A

Active and passive transport

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6
Q

True or false:

Only active transport methods use carrier proteins.

A

False

Both active and passive transport can use them.

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7
Q

List two major types of passive transport.

A
  1. Osmosis
  2. Diffusion
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8
Q

____ are water-specific proteins that facilitate diffusion.

A

Aquaporins

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9
Q

Special pores that connect the cytoplasm of multiple cells are called…

A

Plasmodesmata

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10
Q

____ is the potential energy that drives osmosis.

A

Water potential
(Ψ)

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11
Q

Water potential is measured in…

A

Megapascals
(MPa)

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12
Q

We can predict the movement of water by…

A

Comparing water potential values

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13
Q

Water always moves from an area of ____ water potential to an area of ____ potential.

A

Higher ; lower

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14
Q

List the two components of water potential.

A
  1. Pressure potential
  2. Solute potential
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15
Q

Pressure potential describes…

A

The pressure that water exerts on the wall of the cell or container

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16
Q

As more water moves into a plant cell, ____ increases.

A

Turgor pressure

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17
Q

Turgor pressure causes plant cells to be…

A

Rigid (turgid)

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18
Q

Turgor pressure resists ____ movement of water.

A

Inward

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19
Q

True or false:

Turgor pressure cannot build up unless the water is completely contained.

A

True

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20
Q

Solute potential describes the…

A

Concentration of solute in each solution

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21
Q

Pure water has a solute potential of…

A

Zero

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22
Q

The higher the solute concentration, the ____ the solute potential.

A

More negative
(Lower)

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23
Q

The total water potential is the ____ of the solute potential and the pressure potential.

A

Sum

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24
Q

True or false:

An open container of water has both solute potential and pressure potential.

A

False

It only has solute potential

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25
Q

If both the cell and the solution have the same water potential, then…

A

There is no net movement of water

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26
Q

If the cell has less water potential than the solution…

A

Water moves into the cell

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27
Q

If the cell has more water potential than the solution…

A

Water moves out of the cell

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28
Q

Plant cells function best when their water potential is ____ that of the solution.

A

Less

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29
Q

A plant cell whose water potential is greater than that of the solution will…

A

Lose water and wilt

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30
Q

____ occurs when there is not enough turgor pressure inside the cell to keep the cell membrane pressed against the cell wall.

A

Plasmolysis

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31
Q

Water and minerals in the soil are absorbed through the…

A

Root hairs

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32
Q

Some plants further increase surface area by forming a symbiotic relationship with…

A

Mycorrhizal fungi

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33
Q

Once inside the roots, water and minerals must move across cell layers until they…

A

Reach the vascular tissue

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34
Q

List the three transport pathways that water can use to reach the xylem.

A
  1. Apoplastic
  2. Symplastic
  3. Transmembrane
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35
Q

True or false:

The cell can transport water through multiple different pathways at once.

A

True

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36
Q

In the ____ pathway, water moves solely through non-living regions.

A

Apoplastic

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37
Q

Water using the apoplastic pathway does not need membrane transport because it…

A

Does not cross cell membranes

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38
Q

In the ____ pathway, water moves through living portions of the plant.

A

Symplastic

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39
Q

Water in the symplastic pathway moves through…

A

Plasmodesmata channels

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40
Q

Water in the ____ pathway moves across cell membranes and vacuole membranes.

A

Transmembrane

41
Q

The ____ pathway provides the greatest control over which substances enter and leave the cell.

A

Transmembrane

42
Q

After the transport pathways, the next stop for water is the…

A

Endodermis

43
Q

The endodermis forms a single layer surrounding the…

44
Q

The stele encloses the…

A

Primary xylem and phloem

45
Q

The cells of the endodermis are surrounded by the…

A

Casparian strip

46
Q

The Casparian strip forces water and molecules to…

A

Pass through the endodermal cell membranes

47
Q

True or false:

Water can easily cross the plasma membranes of endodermal cells.

48
Q

The solute concentration in water is usually much ____ than in the plant.

49
Q

In order for solutes to reach the stele, ____ transport must be used.

50
Q

List three functions of the endodermis in transport.

A
  1. Restricts entry of harmful substances
  2. Increases solute concentration in the stele
  3. Promotes movement of water into vascular tissue
51
Q

The primary method of getting water into the xylem is…

A

Through the endodermis

52
Q

At night, water is transported through the endodermis in order to…

A

Increase the root pressure

53
Q

If the root pressure gets too high, ____ may occur.

54
Q

____ is the evaporation of water through the stomata.

A

Transpiration

55
Q

When water molecules evaporate, they are immediately replaced by….

A

Other water molecules

56
Q

Evaporating water molecules are immediately replaced because…

A

They are both cohesive and adhesive

57
Q

In the plant, water molecules are in a constant state of…

58
Q

In the xylem, ____ properties maintain a thin column of water that can reach great heights.

A

Cohesive and adhesive

59
Q

Water is pulled up the plant by forces from…

A

Transpiration

60
Q

Water is pulled from the soil by ____ forces.

61
Q

The water potential gradient in a plant is highest in the…

62
Q

The water potential gradient in a plant is lowest in the…

63
Q

____ pressure in the roots generates a pushing force.

64
Q

____ pressure from transpiration generates a pulling force.

65
Q

In the leaves, transpiration creates a ____ potential which pulls water up the plant.

67
Q

The smaller the column of water, the ____ the tensile strength.

68
Q

The water column is stabilized by water molecules adhering to…

A

Carbohydrates in cell walls

69
Q

____ occurs when air bubbles enter and possibly block the water column.

A

Cavitation

70
Q

Damage from cavitation can be minimized by…

A

Anatomical adaptations

71
Q

Small pit connections between cells can protect against cavitation by…

A

Creating alternate pathways for water

72
Q

As a plant grows taller, gravity causes the risk of cavitation to…

73
Q

The stomata can control ____ by opening and closing.

A

Transpiration

74
Q

Leaving the stomata open for too long results in…

A

Excess water loss

75
Q

Leaving the stomata closed for too long prevents…

A

Gas exchange

76
Q

Stomata are typically ____ during the day and ____ at night.

A

Open ; closed

77
Q

____ control the opening and closing of the stomata.

A

Guard cells

78
Q

The unique construction of guard cells’ cell walls causes them to…

A

Bulge and bend when turgid

79
Q

____ changes cell shape.

A

Turgor pressure

80
Q

When the cell is ____, the stomata open to allow for gas exchange.

81
Q

____ is a chemical agent that can promote stomata closing.

A

Abscisic acid
(ABA)

82
Q

When cells are turgid, ABA binds to its receptor, which signals…

A

The opening of ion channels

83
Q

List three environmental conditions that can influence stomata closing.

A
  1. High atmospheric CO2 levels
  2. Temperatures in excess of 30-34 C
  3. Unfavorable water conditions
84
Q

Most of the carbohydrates made in the leaves are distributed to the rest of the plant via…

A

Translocation

85
Q

Translocation of solutes provides building blocks for…

A

Actively growing regions

86
Q

The collection of translocated solutes is called…

87
Q

True or false:

Sap can only move down the plant.

A

False

It can move in both directions

88
Q

The ____ is a model that describes the movement of carbohydrates in phloem.

A

Pressure-flow hypothesis

89
Q

The pressure-flow hypothesis suggests that dissolved carbohydrates…

A

Flow from a “source” and are released at a “sink”

90
Q

The “sources” in the pressure-flow hypothesis are…

(two)

A
  1. Photosynthetic tissues
  2. Leaves
91
Q

The “sinks” in the pressure-flow hypothesis are…

(three)

A
  1. Developing tissues
  2. Growing stem/root tips
  3. Growing fruits
92
Q

The active transport of sugars into the phloem is called…

A

Phloem loading

93
Q

Phloem loading occurs at the…

94
Q

During phloem loading, carbohydrates are loaded into…

A

Sieve tubes

95
Q

Sieve cells use ____ transport to load sugars into phloem

96
Q

Most of the ATP needed for phloem loading is supplied by…

A

Companion cells

97
Q

The movement of solute into sieve cells lowers ____ in the phloem.

A

Water potential

98
Q

As the turgor pressure in sieve cells increases, it drives…

A

Fluid through the sieve tube system

99
Q

At the “sink”, metabolic tissues use active transport to…

A

Remove sucrose

BIOL 1106 (8 decks)

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