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BIOL 1106 > 6: Unique Features of Reproduction in Angiosperms > Flashcards

6: Unique Features of Reproduction in Angiosperms Flashcards

Module 1, Lesson 6

1
Q

Flowers evolved only in…

A

Angiosperms

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2
Q

A(n) ____ has all four whorls present.

A

Complete flower

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3
Q

A(n) ____ lacks one or more whorls.

A

Incomplete flower

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4
Q

List the four groups of whorls.

A
  1. Calyx
  2. Corolla
  3. Androecium
  4. Gynoecium
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5
Q

The ____ is the outermost whorl, which protects the flower bud.

A

Calyx

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6
Q

The calyx contains all the…

A

Sepals

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7
Q

The ____ is a whorl which attracts pollinators.

A

Corolla

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8
Q

The corolla contains all the…

A

Petals

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9
Q

The ____ is the male flower parts.

A

Androecium

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10
Q

The androecium contains all the…

A

Stamens

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11
Q

List the two main parts of a stamen.

A
  1. Stalk/filament
  2. Anther
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12
Q

The ____ is the female flower parts.

A

Gynoecium

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13
Q

The gynoecium contains all the…

A

Carpels

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14
Q

List the four major parts of the carpel.

A
  1. Ovules
  2. Ovary
  3. Style
  4. Stigma
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15
Q

The ____ contains the ovules.

A

Ovary

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16
Q

The ____ is the slender neck of a carpel.

A

Style

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17
Q

The ____ is a pollen receptor located at the tip of the style.

A

Stigma

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18
Q

List three major trends in floral specialization.

A
  1. Fusion of flower parts
  2. Reduction in the number of flower parts
  3. Bilateral symmetry
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19
Q

True or false:

Radial symmetry is considered more evolutionarily advanced than bilateral symmetry.

A

False

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20
Q

The flower is a part of the ____ generation.

A

Sporophyte
(diploid)

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21
Q

In angiosperms the ____ are very small and contained.

A

Gametophytes

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22
Q

Microgametophytes are the ____ gametophytes.

A

Male

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23
Q

Pollen grains are which type of gametophyte?

A

Microgametophyte

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24
Q

Megagametophytes are the ____ gametophytes.

A

Female

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25
Q

The embryo sac is which kind of gametophyte?

A

Megagametophyte

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26
Q

List the four steps of pollen formation.

A
  1. Pollen sacs and microspore mother cells are inside the anther
  2. Mother cells undergo meiosis to produce microspores
  3. Microspores undergo mitosis and wall differentiation to become pollen
  4. A two-celled pollen is created
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27
Q

The ____ is the part of the stamen which contains the spore mother cells.

A

Anther

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28
Q

List the two cells in a pollen particle.

A
  1. Tube cell
  2. Generative cell
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29
Q

The tube cell in pollen produces a…

A

Pollen tube

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30
Q

The generative cell in pollen divides to form…

A

Two sperm

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31
Q

List the four steps in embryo sac formation.

A
  1. Megaspore mother cell is inside the ovule
  2. Mother cell undergoes meiosis to make four megaspores
  3. Three of the megaspores disintegrate
  4. The last megaspore undergoes mitosis to form the embryo sac
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32
Q

An embryo sac has ____ cells and ____ nuclei.

A

Seven ; eight

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33
Q

The megaspore develops into the embryo sac via…

A

Mitosis

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34
Q

The embryo sac has three ____ cells, each with a single nucleus.

A

Antipodal

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35
Q

The embryo sac has a single cell in the center which contains two…

A

Polar nuclei

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36
Q

The embryo sac contains two ____ cells, each with a single nucleus.

A

Synergeid

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37
Q

The embryo sac has one ____ cell with a single nucleus.

38
Q

____ develop a weather-resistant wall with species-specific surface features.

A

Pollen grains

39
Q

Inside a pollen grain, the tube cell grows the pollen tube through…

A

A pore/furrow in the wall

40
Q

____ is a land plant innovation that eliminates the need for water during reproduction.

41
Q

____ is the transfer of pollen to the stigma.

A

Pollination

42
Q

____ occurs when the pollen comes from the same plant as the stigma.

A

Self-pollination

43
Q

True or false:

Self-pollination can be ecologically advantageous in certain environments.

44
Q

True or false:

Plant offspring created via self-pollination are genetically identical to the parent plant.

A

False

Meiosis is involved, so they are not identical

45
Q

____ occurs when pollen is transfered between different plants.

A

Cross-pollination / outcrossing

46
Q

Cross-pollination promotes increased…

A

Genetic variation

47
Q

____ plants have separate male and female flowers on the same plant.

A

Monoecious

48
Q

Being monoecious promotes outcrossing if…

A

The different flowers mature at different times

49
Q

____ plants have male and female flowers on different plants.

50
Q

True or false:

Outcrossing is required for dioecious plants to reproduce.

51
Q

True or false:

Most flowers contain both male and female structures.

52
Q

A flower where the male and female structures mature at different times is…

A

Dichogamous

53
Q

True or false:

In many flowers the stamens and carpals mature at different times.

54
Q

____ occurs when pollen and stigma recognize each other as being genetically related and pollen tube growth is blocked.

A

Self-incompatibility

55
Q

Increased specialization in flowers leads to increased specialization in…

A

Pollinators

56
Q

The relationship between flowers and pollinators is…

A

Mutualistic

57
Q

____ locate flowers by odor, and prefer yellow and blue flowers.

58
Q

____ prefer red flowers with tubular shapes.

A

Hummingbirds

59
Q

____ prefer tiny, tubular flowers.

A

Butterflies

60
Q

____ prefer light-colored flowers or flowers that open at night.

A

Moths and bats

61
Q

Angiosperms that use ____ pollination do not require a showy calyx or corolla.

62
Q

In a pollen grain, the ____ grows a pollen tube to reach the ovary.

A

Pollen tube cell

63
Q

After fertilization, the zygote divides by mitosis to establish…

A

The 3D body plan of the embryo

64
Q

A ____ links the embryo to the nutrient tissues in the seed.

65
Q

List the three critical events in plant embryo development.

A
  1. Development of food supply
  2. Development of seed coat
  3. Development of fruit
66
Q

The development of the ____ is critical to plant embryo development.

A

Food supply

67
Q

The development of photosynthetic tissue is triggered by…

68
Q

True or false:

In plant embryos, the photosynthetic tissue is functional almost immediately after fertilization.

69
Q

The ____ develops from the outer coating of the ovule.

70
Q

The ____ surrounding the seed develops from the ovary.

71
Q

After ____, the seed becomes dormant.

A

Embryogenesis

72
Q

____ are adapted for seed dispersal.

73
Q

Fruits develop from mature…

A

Ovaries and carpals

74
Q

The ____, or ovary wall, has three layers whose development influences fruit type.

75
Q

In true berries, like tomatoes, the entire pericarp is…

76
Q

In stone fruits, like peaches, pericarp’s layers form the…

A
  1. Skin (outer)
  2. Flesh (middle)
  3. Pit (inner)
77
Q

In dry fruits, like legumes, the entire pericarp is…

78
Q

Aggregate fruits, like strawberries, form from…

A

Many ovaries on a single flower

79
Q

Multiple fruits, like pineapples, form from….

A

Multiple flowers on a single stem, whose ovaries fuse during development

80
Q

____ helps to coordinate fruit development and seed maturation.

81
Q

When seeds are mature, ____ triggers ripening of fruits.

82
Q

List four ways that seed dispersal can be used to aid colonization.

A
  1. Consumed seeds
  2. Spiny and sticky fruits
  3. Wind dispersal
  4. Water dispersal
83
Q

____ enables plants to colonize new islands.

A

Water dispersal

84
Q

Despite producing genetically identical offspring, ____ is important for plants in some environments.

A

Asexual reproduction

85
Q

____ is a method of asexual seed production.

86
Q

____ is a form of asexual reproduction where new individuals are made from vegetative tissues.

A

Vegetative reproduction

87
Q

____ are stem tissues capable of creating new individuals at nodes.

(three)

A
  1. Runners
  2. Stolons
  3. Rhizomes
88
Q

____ are root sprouts that can give rise to new plants.

89
Q

____ form on the leaves of the mother plant, then fall off and take root.

A

Adventitious plantlets

90
Q

____ describes the growth of embryonic tissue from any somatic tissue.

A

Somatic embryogenesis

BIOL 1106 (8 decks)

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