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BIOL 1106 > 11: Communication via Chemical Messages > Flashcards

11: Communication via Chemical Messages Flashcards

Module 2, Lesson 5

1
Q

The ____ regulates body processes using hormones.

A

Endocrine system

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2
Q

____ are chemical signals sent through the bloodstream and used to control cells throughout the body.

A

Hormones

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3
Q

In order to respond to a hormone, a cell must have…

A

The receptors for that hormone

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4
Q

Cells with receptors for a particular hormone are referred to as the ____ for that hormone.

A

Target cells

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5
Q

When a hormone binds to its receptor, ____ are activated which lead to the appropriate response.

A

Signal transduction pathways

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6
Q

What are the two main components of the endocrine system?

A
  1. Hormones
  2. Glands
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7
Q

Tissues that produce hormones are called….

A

Glands

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8
Q

Hormones released into the blood by neurons are called…

A

Neurohormones

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9
Q

____ allow the nervous system to control cells not directly linked to it.

A

Neurohormones

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10
Q

The ____ releases chemical signals into glands with ducts.

A

Exocrine system

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11
Q

Ducts open into the ____ or ____.

A

Digestive tract or outside the body

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12
Q

____ affects only nearby cells, allowing tissues and organs to regulate themselves.

A

Paracrine signalling

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13
Q

____ occurs when the cell releases signals that bind to receptors on the same cell, enabling the cell to regulate itself.

A

Autocrine signalling

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14
Q

Autocrine signaling is common in the…

A

Immune system

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15
Q

____ are chemicals released into the environment to signal members of the same species.

A

Pheromones

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16
Q

True or false:

Pheromones are an important part of normal body regulation.

A

False

They do not participate in normal body regulation at all.

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17
Q

____ are ductless and secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

A

Endocrine glands

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18
Q

____ have ducts and secrete non-hormone secretions into the digestive tract or outside the body.

A

Exocrine glands

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19
Q

True or false:

Some glands can perform both endocrine and exocrine functions.

A

True

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20
Q

List the three major categories of hormones.

A
  1. Amine hormones
  2. Peptide/protein hormones
  3. Steroid hormones
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21
Q

____ are produced by modifying certain amino acids.

A

Amine hormones
(amino acid derivatives)

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22
Q

____ are composed of chains of amino acids.

A

Peptide/protein hormones

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23
Q

____ are lipids, produced by modifying cholesterol.

A

Steroid hormones

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24
Q

The difference between peptide and protein hormones lies in the…

A

Length of their amino acid chains

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25
Q

Whether a hormone is lipophilic or hydrophilic determines…

(two)

A
  1. How it is transported through the blood
  2. How it interacts with target cells
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26
Q

List two examples of lipophilic hormones.

A
  1. Steroid hormones
  2. Thyroid amine hormones
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27
Q

____ hormones travel through the bloodstream attached to transport proteins.

A

Lipophilic

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28
Q

____ hormones can pass through plasma membranes, so their receptors are inside the cell.

A

Lipophilic

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29
Q

Compared to hydrophilic hormones, lipophilic hormones tend to last for a ____ period of time.

A

Longer

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30
Q

List two examples of hydrophilic hormones.

A
  1. Non-thyroid amine hormones
  2. Peptide/protein hormones
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31
Q

____ hormones can travel unaided through the bloodstream.

A

Hydrophilic

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32
Q

____ hormones cannot pass through plasma membranes, so their receptors are on the outer surface of the target cell membrane.

A

Hydrophilic

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33
Q

Compared to lipophilic hormones, hydrophilic hormones tend to last for a ____ period of time.

A

Shorter

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34
Q

List a main effect of lipophilic hormones.

A

Activation of transcription

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35
Q

Lipophilic hormones are able to pass through the cell membrane because…

A

The membrane is made of lipids

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36
Q

When a lipophilic hormone binds to its receptor, it creates a…

A

Hormone-receptor complex

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37
Q

The hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA at the…

A

Hormone response element

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38
Q

When the hormone-receptor complex binds to the hormone response element, it can…

A

Activate or block synthesis of certain proteins

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39
Q

Lipophilic hormones regulate cell activities by regulating…

A

Transcription

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40
Q

____ hormones last for hours to days.

A

Lipophilic

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41
Q

____ hormones bind to receptors embedded in the cell mmebrane.

A

Hydrophilic

42
Q

When a hydrophilic hormone binds to its receptor, it can cause a change in protein structure which…

A

Activates or deactivates proteins inside the cell

43
Q

When a hydrophilic hormone binds to its receptor, it can activate ____ which activate or deactivate proteins by phosphorylation.

A

Protein kinases

44
Q

Some receptors for hydrophilic hormones are themselves kinases, called…

A

Receptor kinases

45
Q

The ____ is a method of activation of hydrophilic hormone receptors where the receptor activates a G protein.

A

Second-messenger system

46
Q

In the second-messenger system, the receptor activates a…

47
Q

In the second-messenger system, the G protein activates an enzyme which produces a….

A

Second messenger

48
Q

In the second-messenger system, the second messenger activates a….

A

Protein kinase

49
Q

Whether the second-messenger system activates or inhibits proteins depends on the…

50
Q

The activation of ____ hormones is brief, usually lasting only minutes to hours.

A

Hydrophilic

51
Q

The ____ and ____ are responsible for coordinating hormones and regulating body activities.

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

52
Q

The ____ is part of the central nervous system and integrates neural and endocrine activities.

A

Hypothalamus

53
Q

The hypothalamus controls production and secretion of hormones from the…

54
Q

The ____ developed from embryonic epithelial tissue and is not part of the nervous system.

A

Anterior pituitary

55
Q

The ____ produces and releases seven hormones.

A

Anterior pituitary

56
Q

True or false:

All of the hormones released by the pituitary affect release of other hormones from other glands.

A

False

Some do this, but others act directly on cells without an intermediate.

57
Q

The anterior pituitary is regulated by two classes of ____ released by the hypothalamus.

A

Neurohormones

58
Q

When neurohormones reach the anterior pituitary, it responds by…

A

Releasing or stopping release of certain hormones

59
Q

The ____ is the method by which neurohormones from the hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary.

A

Hypothalamopophyseal portal system

60
Q

List the four main steps in the hypothalamopophyseal portal system.

A
  1. Neurohormones travel from the neuron cell bodies down the axon
  2. Neurohormones enter the central capillary bed in the pituitary stalk
  3. Capillaries carry the neurohormones into portal veins
  4. Portal veins carry the neurohormones into the second capillary bed in the anterior pituitary
61
Q

The ____ is formed from brain tissue and has unique functions.

A

Posterior pituitary

62
Q

The posterior pituitary is responsible for storing and releasing ____ and ____.

A
  1. Antidiuretic hormone
  2. Oxytocin
63
Q

The axons of the neurons in the hypothalamus extend into the…

A

Posterior pituitary

64
Q

List the seven hormones released by the anterior pituitary.

A
  1. ACTH
  2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
  3. Luteinizing hormone
  4. Follicle-stimulating hormone
  5. MSH
  6. Growth hormone
  7. Prolactin
65
Q

____ hormones are those that stimulate another gland to release other hormones.

66
Q

Which four hormones released by the anterior pituitary are tropic hormones?

A
  1. ACTH
  2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
  3. Luteinizing hormone
  4. Follicle-stimulating hormone
67
Q

____ is a peptide hormone that stimulates the adrenal glands.

68
Q

____ is a glycoprotein that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine.

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

69
Q

____ is a glycoprotein that stimulates the gonads to produce estrogen in women and testosterone in men.

A

Luteinizing hormone

70
Q

____ is a glycoprotein that stimulates the gonads to make gonadotrophins.

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

71
Q

____ is a peptide hormone that stimulates the production and dispersion of melanin.

72
Q

____ is a protein hormone that stimulates tissue growth and regulates metabolism.

A

Growth hormone

73
Q

____ is a protein hormone that stimulates mammary glands and parental behaviors.

74
Q

____ is a peptide hormone that decreases urine production.

A

Antidiuretic hormone

75
Q

____ is a peptide hormone that plays a role in many social and reproductive behaviors.

76
Q

In women, ____ stimulates contractions, milk letdown, and maternal bonding.

77
Q

Hormones from peripheral glands create ____ at the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.

A

Negative feedback loops

78
Q

____ feedback helps maintain relatively constant hormone levels.

79
Q

When hormone levels are low, less negative feedback occurs in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, resulting in…

A

Excess hormone production

80
Q

In the ____, negative feedback occurs without the need for peripheral glands.

A

Posterior pituitary

81
Q

____ occurs when peripheral glands give feedback that drives more change to occur.

A

Positive feedback

82
Q

List the four major peripheral endocrine glands.

A
  1. Thyroid
  2. Parathyroid glands
  3. Adrenal glands
  4. Pancreas
83
Q

The ____ releases hormones that regulate metabolism and development.

84
Q

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine are thyroid hormones that regulate…

A

Metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates

85
Q

Calcitonin is a thyroid hormone that regulates…

A

Calcium levels in the blood

86
Q

The ____ are four small glands attached to the thyroid.

A

Parathyroid glands

87
Q

____ regulate blood calcium by stimulating the release of calcium from the bones.

A

Parathyroid hormones

88
Q

The inner layer of the adrenal glands, the ____, secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.

A

Adrenal medulla

89
Q

Epinephrine and norephinephrine are involved in the ____ response.

A

Fight or flight

90
Q

____ can rapidly increase heart rate or blood pressure in response to a potentially threatening stimulus.

A

Epinephrine

91
Q

The outer layer of the adrenal glands, the ____, secretes corticosteroids shortly after epinephrine release.

A

Adrenal cortex

92
Q

Corticosteroids released by the adrenal cortex are important in regulation of…

A

Glucose homeostasis

93
Q

In humans, the main corticosteroid is ____, whose levels are elevated under stress.

94
Q

The ____ is a peripheral gland with both exocrine and endocrine functions.

95
Q

In the exocrine system, the ____ releases bicarbonate and digestive enzymes into the small intestine.

96
Q

In the endocrine system, the ____ releases hormones that regulate carbohydrates in the blood.

97
Q

When blood glucose is high, the pancreas secretes ____, which causes glucose to move into cells.

98
Q

When blood glucose is low, the pancreas secretes ____, which causes hydrolysis of glycogen.

99
Q

____ is the sole factor in promoting movement of glucose into cells.

100
Q

Type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes) results when…

A

The pancreas lacks insulin-secreting cells.

101
Q

Treatment of Type 1 diabetes requires…

A

Insulin injections

102
Q

Type 2 diabetes (noninsulin-dependent diabetes) results when…

A

Cells are less sensitive to insulin than they should be.

BIOL 1106 (16 decks)

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