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BIOL 1106 > 21: Species and Community Interaction > Flashcards

21: Species and Community Interaction Flashcards

Module 4, Lesson 3

1
Q

A ____ is defined as all of the organisms that live in one location.

A

Community

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2
Q

True or false:

Like with populations, it is difficult to define the borders of a community.

A

True

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3
Q

List four things that can be used to characterize communities.

A
  1. Species within them
  2. Species richness
  3. Species diversity
  4. Primary productivity
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4
Q

____ describes the amount of energy produced by a community.

A

Primary productivity

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5
Q

True or false:

A community is a static entity.

A

False

It can change over space and time

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6
Q

True or false:

Species within a community can change independently of one another.

A

True

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7
Q

It can be difficult to predict changes in communities because…

A

Organisms respond to numerous factors in different ways

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8
Q

An organism’s ____ is the total of all the ways that an organism uses the resources in its environment.

A

Niche

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9
Q

List three things that can be used to describe a species’ niche.

A
  1. Food consumption
  2. Temperature range
  3. Moisture requirements

(not an exhaustive list)

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10
Q

In a(n) ____, each factor that determines a species’ niche is treated as one axis of a graph.

A

N-dimensional hypervolume

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11
Q

The entire niche that a species is capable of using is called their…

A

Fundamental niche

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12
Q

The actual niche that a species is occupying as a result of interactions between different species is called its…

A

Realized niche

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13
Q

The realized niche is ____ than the niche the species would occupy if there were no other species present.

A

Smaller

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14
Q

____ can affect a species’ realized niche.

A

Interspecific competition

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15
Q

____ occurs when there is physical interaction between species over a resource.

A

Interference competition

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16
Q

____ occurs when one species uses a resource and thereby prevents another species from using that resource.

A

Exploitative competition

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17
Q

____ was originally defined as occurring when two species compete for a limited resource and the species that is more efficient at using that resources drives the other to extinction in the area.

A

Competitive exclusion

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18
Q

True or false:

Some species can coexist even if their niches overlap.

A

True

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19
Q

Today, competitive exclusion means that…

A

No two species can occupy identical niches forever when resources are limited

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20
Q

List three factors that may allow species whose niches overlap to coexist.

A
  1. Their niches are not identical
  2. Resources are not limited
  3. Environmental changes change which species is favored often enough that the other is not driven to extinction
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21
Q

When competitive exclusion occurs, the two species might subdivide their niche, a process called…

A

Resource partitioning

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22
Q

When resource partitioning occurs, the species evolve so that…

A

Their niches don’t overlap as much

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23
Q

____ occurs when competing species evolve so they are less similar to each other, thus enhancing resource partitioning.

A

Character displacement

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24
Q

____ decreases niche overlap by allowing each species to specialize in different areas of the niche.

A

Character displacement

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25
Q

Niche theory suggests that ____ and ____ are natural consequences of competition when each species is better able to dominate one part of the niche.

A

Resource partitioning and character displacement

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26
Q

____ is a competing idea to niche theory.

A

Neutral theory

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27
Q

____ often have strong impacts on prey population sizes.

A

Predators

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28
Q

The sudden addition or removal of predators can cause…

A

Prey populations to crash or explode

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29
Q

List two non-lethal effects that predators may have on prey.

A
  1. Prey avoid the most dangerous areas, affecting their ability to gather food
  2. Prey may be under stress, decreasing their ability to reproduce
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30
Q

The presence of predators affects prey evolution by…

A

Creating a strong selection for individuals that can evade or avoid predators

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31
Q

____ occurs when every advance in prey evolution leads to advances in predator evolution.

A

Coevolution

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32
Q

List two adaptations that plants may use to defend themselves against herbivores.

A
  1. Morphological defenses
  2. Chemical defenses
33
Q

List three types of morphological defenses found in plants.

A
  1. Thorns and spikes
  2. Hairs and sticky secretions
  3. Silica deposits in soft tissues
34
Q

Chemical defenses in plants take the form of…

A

Secondary chemical compounds
(secondary metabolites)

35
Q

List four adaptations found in animals to defend against predators.

A
  1. Secondary compounds in diet
  2. Chemical defenses
  3. Defensive coloration
  4. Mimicry
36
Q

Some animals ingest ____, toxic substances that poison any animal that eats them.

A

Secondary compounds

37
Q

The ____ produced by poison dart frogs are an example of chemical defenses in animals.

A

Defensive alkaloids

38
Q

List two types of defensive coloration that animals may have.

A
  1. Warning coloration
  2. Cryptic coloration
39
Q

____ describes showy colors and patterns that advertise that the animal has chemical defenses.

A

Warning coloration

40
Q

____ describes colors and patterns that allow the animal to blend in with its surroundings.

A

Cryptic coloration

41
Q

____ allows a species to capitalize on the warning coloration of another species.

42
Q

List the two types of mimicry.

A
  1. Batesian mimicry
  2. Mullerian mimicry
43
Q

____ occurs when a species that has no defensive chemicals mimics the appearance of a species that does.

A

Batesian mimicry

44
Q

____ occurs when two or more species with chemical defenses resemble each other.

A

Mullerian mimicry

45
Q

How does Mullerian mimicry protect animals from predators?

A

Because several species look similar, the predator only has to learn one species’ appearance to avoid all the species

46
Q

____ refers to any relationship that evolves between species over time.

47
Q

List three types of symbiotic relationships.

A
  1. Mutualism
  2. Parasitism
  3. Commensalism
48
Q

____ occurs when both species benefit from the relationship.

49
Q

If one species in a mutualistic relationship gains the upper hand, the relationship may become…

50
Q

____ occurs when one species benefits from the relationship and the other is harmed.

A

Parasitism

51
Q

Parasites that live inside their hosts are called…

A

Endoparasites

52
Q

Parasites that live on or outside their hosts are called…

A

Ectoparasites

53
Q

Insects that lay their eggs in or on other organisms are called…

A

Parasitoids

54
Q

Parasites may cause changes in their host’s brain or behavior to…

A

Improve chances of the host transmitting the parasite

55
Q

____ occurs when one species benefits from the relationship and the other is unaffected.

A

Commensalism

56
Q

Predation can reduce competition among prey species by…

A

Lowering the number of animals competing for a limited food source

57
Q

If one prey species is a better competitior, its abundance may make it a greater target for predators, which…

A

Prevents a population explosion that could drive other competitors extinct

58
Q

True or false:

Eliminating a major predator may decrease diversity among prey species.

59
Q

____ affects competition by having different effects on competing species.

A

Parasitism

60
Q

____ occur when two species affect each other through another species.

A

Indirect effcts

61
Q

True or false:

A species can simultaneously have a direct negative effect and an indirect positive effect on another species.

62
Q

____ are species whose effects on the composition of their communities is far greater than would be expected given that species’ abundance.

A

Keystone species

63
Q

Top predators are often ____ in their communities.

A

Keystone species

64
Q

____ is the tendency of communities to change from simple to complex over time.

A

Ecological succession

65
Q

Ecological succession involves a change in the ____ of the community.

A

Species composition

66
Q

____ occurs when a biological community develops from completely bare substrate.

A

Primary succession

67
Q

____ occurs when a community is destroyed, but some species survive to create a new community.

A

Secondary succession

68
Q

List the three phases of ecological succession.

A
  1. Establishment
  2. Facilitation
  3. Inhibition
69
Q

During the ____ phase of succession, the area is populated by weedy, R-selected organisms.

A

Establishment

70
Q

An organism that is “weedy” is one that…

A

Can survive in harsh conditions

71
Q

During the ____ phase of succession, weedy organisms cause changes in the environment that make it more suitable for K-selected species.

A

Facilitation

72
Q

During the ____ phase of succession, the K-selected species inhibit the R-selected species that originally changed the habitat.

A

Inhibition

73
Q

During the process of succession, ____ first increases for a long period of time.

A

Species richness

74
Q

During the process of succession, species richness will eventually decline as…

A

K-selected species replace R-selected species

75
Q

The process of ecological succession may eventually result in a decline in species richness because…

A

Superior competitiors prevent others from surviving

76
Q

The growth of a biological community on a new volcanic island is an example of…

A

Primary succession

77
Q

The regrowth of a biological community after a forest fire is an example of…

A

Secondary succession

78
Q

____ are events that a community experiences that can affect its species richness.

A

Disturbances

BIOL 1106 (22 decks)

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