14: Animal Blood Circulation Flashcards
Module 3, Lesson 3
1
Q
In ____, the cell’s surface is a point of exchange with the environment.
A
Single-celled organisms
2
Q
List three purposes of the circulatory system.
A
- Transportation
- Regulation
- Protection
3
Q
The circulatory system delivers ____ to cells and removes ____.
A
Oxygen and nutrients ; metabolic waste
4
Q
The circulatory system helps regulate homeostasis by transporting…
A
Regulatory hormones
5
Q
The circulatory system helps protect the body from…
A
Mechanical wounds and invading pathogens
6
Q
List the two major components of blood.
A
- Plasma
- Formed elements
7
Q
____ is mostly water and circulates several kind of elements.
A
Plasma
8
Q
List the three types of formed elements found in the blood.
A
- Erythrocytes
- Leukocytes
- Platelets
9
Q
____ make up about 45% of total blood volume and contain hemoglobin.
A
Erythrocytes
(red blood cells)
10
Q
____ make up less than 1% of total blood volume and play a role in the immune system.
A
Leukocytes
(white blood cells)
11
Q
____ are cell fragments involved in blood clotting.
A
Platelets
12
Q
True or false:
Formed elements must constantly be replaced.
A
True
13
Q
Formed elements develop from pluripotent stem cells in the…
A
Bone marrow
14
Q
____ is the process by which formed elements are produced in the bone marrow.
A
Hematopoiesis
15
Q
When blood oxygen levels drop, the kidneys convert plasma into a hormone called…
A
Erythropoietin
16
Q
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone that increases blood’s oxygen carrying capacity by…
A
Increasing the production of erythrocytes
17
Q
The process by which EPO stimulates the production of erythrocytes is called…
A
Erythropoiesis
18
Q
When blood vessels are damaged, the vessel walls…
A
Constrict
19
Q
____ congregate around a wounded blood vessel and stick to each to seal off the wounded area.
A
Platelets
20
Q
When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets initiate a cascade of…
A
Enzymatic reactions
21
Q
The enzymatic reactions triggered by platelets result in the production of ____, which helps platelets form a clot around the wound.
A
Fibrillin threads
(a protein)
22
Q
If a blood clot dislodged from the wounded area too quickly, it could…
A
Block blood vessels
23
Q
List the three main types of circulatory systems.
A
- No circulatory system
- Open circulatory system
- Closed circulatory system
24
Q
Sponges lack a circulatory system, so they use ____ to circulate water.
A
Incurrent and excurrent pores
25
Hydras and nematodes have no circulatory systems, so they use ____ to circulate water and nutrients.
Their gastrointestinal cavities
26
In a(n) ____, there is no distinction between the circulating fluid and the extracellular fluid.
Open circulatory system
27
The circulating fluid in an open circulatory system is called...
Hemolymph
28
An open circulatory system lacks ____ to connect circulatory pathways with the heart.
Capillaries
29
# True or false:
Hemolymph circulates faster in an open circulatory system than blood does in a closed system.
False
30
In a(n) ____, capillaries join circulatory pathways leading away from the heart.
Closed circulatory system
31
In a closed circulatory system, ____ and ____ may leak out of the capillaries.
Plasma and leukocytes
32
Plasma that has leaked out of the circulatory system is called...
Lymph
33
Lymph is collected by the ____, which empties back into a vein near the heart.
Lymphatic system
34
A fish heart has ____ chambers that pump blood.
Two
35
In a fish circulatory system, blood first travels to the ____, where it unloads carbon dioxide and receives oxygen.
Gills
36
In fish, the lack of a separate pulmonary circuit means blood pressure is ____ past the gills.
Lower
37
Amphibians have a ____-chambered heart.
Three
38
An amphibian heart has ____ atrium (atria) and ____ ventricle(s).
Two ; one
39
____ receive blood from the veins.
Atria
40
____ pump blood into the arteries.
Ventricles
41
In amphibians and other higher animals, blood pumped by the heart first travels through ____ to the lungs.
Pulmonary arteries
42
Once blood is oxygenated in the lungs, it returns to the heart via...
Pulmonary veins
43
____ occurs when an animal has both a pulmonary circulation system and a systemic circulation system.
Double circulation
44
The ____ circulatory system moves blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
Systemic
45
# True or false:
In amphibians, there is a potential for oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix.
True
46
Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood can mix in amphibians' ventricles because...
The separation of pulmonary and systemic blood is incomplete.
47
Reptiles have an incomplete ____-chambered heart.
Four
48
Most reptiles have an incomplete ____, which divides the ventricles.
Septum
49
Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood do not mix in reptiles and mammals because...
The septum divides the ventricles
50
Mammals have a ____-chambered heart.
Four
51
The ____ are large blood vessels that deliver deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
Superior and inferior vena cava
52
List the path that blood takes through the mammalian heart.
1. Right atrium
2. Right ventricle
3. Lungs
4. Left atrium
5. Left ventricle
53
Blood in the left ventricle is pumped into the body through the...
Aorta
54
How does the heart beat?
| (four steps)
1. Both atria fill with blood
2. The atria contract simultaneously
3. Blood is pumped into the ventricles
4. The ventricles contract simultaneously
55
Having a double circulatory system greatly increases the ____ of the four-chambered heart.
Efficiency
56
Endotherms require highly efficient circulation in order to...
Support their high metabolic rates
57
Electrical pulses are conducted through specialized cardiac tissues that receive impulses from the...
Autonomic nervous system
58
Specialized ____ are able to produce and conduct cardiac impulses.
Cardiac tissues
59
List the steps in the cardiac cycle.
| (five)
1. An impulse is sent from the sinoatrial node
2. The signal travels to surrounding atrial tissue, causing them to beat
3. The beating of the atria stimulates the atrioventricular node
4. Purkinje fibers contract to conduct the cardiac signal through the septum
5. The signal reaches the ventricles, causing them to beat
60
The sinoatrial node is located in the...
Right atrium
61
The sinoatrial node is sometimes called a...
"pacemaker"
62
If the ____ is not functioning properly, the heart may beat too quickly or too slowly.
Sinoatrial node
63
If blood clots are blocking any arteries or blood vessels, heart rhythms may become dysfunctional, which is called...
Fibrillation
64
The human heart usually beats about ____ per second.
Once
(~75 bpm)
65
The force with which the ventricles contract is the main factor determining...
Blood pressure
66
Blood pressure can be measured using a...
Sphygmomanometer
67
How does a blood pressure cuff work?
| (three steps)
1. Cuff is inflated around the brachial artery, closing it
2. Cuff is deflated until the pulse is heard
3. Cuff is deflated until the sound disappears
68
The blood pressure when the ventricles contract is the...
Systolic pressure
| (top number)
69
The blood pressure when the ventricles are relaxed is the...
Diastolic pressure
| (bottom number)
70
____ occurs when the systolic and/or diastolic blood pressures are above the normal ranges.
Hypertension
(high blood pressure)
71
____ carry blood away from the heart.
Arteries
72
# True or false:
Arteries always carry oxygenated blood.
False
All of them do except for the pulmonary artery.
73
Arteries branch into smaller blood vessels called...
Arterioles
74
Arterioles branch into smaller blood vessels called...
Capillaries
75
Oxygen, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged with tissues in the...
Capillaries
76
____ carry blood towards the heart.
Veins
77
# True or false:
Veins always carry deoxygenated blood.
False
All veins do except for the pulmonary vein.
78
Veins are formed from ____, which are formed from capillaries.
Venules
79
List the four components of a blood vessel.
1. Endothelium
2. Elastic layer
3. Smooth muscle
4. Connective tissue
80
If fatty plaques build up in the ____, it can become stiffer and tougher.
Endothelium
81
A buildup of fatty plaque in the endothelium results in a rise in...
Blood pressure
82
____ have a thick elastic layer to enable stretching.
Arteries
83
____ can stretch and recoil in response to the pumping of blood, maintaining pressure in the circulatory system.
Arteries
84
Veins have less ____ and ____ than arteries.
Smooth muscle and elastic tissue
85
Blood pressure is ____ after blood exits the capillaries.
Lower
86
____ are only large enough to allow red blood cells to travel single file.
Capillaries
87
In the capillaries, some ____ leaves the blood to carry materials to the cells.
Plasma
88
Capillaries may have different ____ depending on the number of pores in their endothelial cells.
Permeabilities
89
List the three classes of capillaries based on permeability.
1. Capillary
2. Fenestrated capillary
3. Sinusoid
90
Capillaries can regulate heat exchange via...
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation
91
# True or false:
Blood pressure in veins is insufficient to return blood to the heart.
True
92
The ____ is made of skeletal muscle surrounding veins that contracts to help blood move.
Venous pump
93
____ open and close in response to muscle contraction, pushing blood towards the heart.
Venous valves
94
Together, the ____ and ____ force blood in the veins to flow only in one direction.
Venous pump and venous valves
95
____ may filter out of the capillaries and become lymph.
Blood plasma, water, solutes
96
Larger molecules called ____ do not diffuse out of the capillaries.
Plasma proteins
97
The fact that plasma proteins do not diffuse out of the capillaries creates osmotic pressure, causing...
Most of the water that diffused out to reenter the capillaries
98
# True or false:
Not all of the fluid that diffused out of the capillaries reenters via osmosis.
True
99
The lymphatic system is located in close proximity to the...
Circulatory system
100
Excess lymph drains into the...
Blind-ended lymphatic capillaries
101
Lymphatic capillaries merge to form...
Lymphatic vessels
102
Lymphatic vessels converge at ____ located throughout the body.
Lymph nodes
103
Larger lymphatic vessels converge through ducts into the ____ and then into the heart.
Main venous pathways
