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BIOL 1106 > 19: Animal Behavior > Flashcards

19: Animal Behavior Flashcards

Module 4, Lesson 1

1
Q

The mechanisms within an animal that produce behavior are called…

A

Proximate causation

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2
Q

List the two divisions of proximate causation.

A
  1. Physiology
  2. Ontogeny
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3
Q

____ studies how behavior is influenced by the animal’s internal states and processes.

A

Physiology

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4
Q

____ studies how behavior develops in an animal.

A

Ontogeny

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5
Q

____ refers to the adaptive / evolutionary values of a behavior.

A

Ultimate causation

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6
Q

List the two divisions of ultimate causation.

A
  1. Phylogeny
  2. Adaptive significance
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7
Q

____ studies why a behavior originally developed in a group of animals.

A

Phylogeny

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8
Q

____ studies how a behavior influences an animal’s survival and reproduction in a particular environment.

A

Adaptive significance

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9
Q

List two fields of animal behavioral research.

A
  1. Ethology
  2. Ecology
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10
Q

____ is the study of animal behavior.

A

Ethology

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11
Q

____ primarily focuses on proximate causation – the “what” and “how” of behavior.

A

Ethology

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12
Q

____ studies how animals use behavior to survive and reproduce.

A

Behavioral ecology

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13
Q

____ primarily focuses on ultimate causation and adaptive significance – the “why” of the behavior.

A

Behavioral ecology

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14
Q

____ occurs when an animal modifies its behavior because it learns to associate two stimuli or a behavior and a reward.

A

Associative learning

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15
Q

The association of two unrelated stimuli is called…

A

Classical/Pavlovian conditioning

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16
Q

A(n) ____ response is the animal’s natural response to a stimulus.

A

Unconditioned

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17
Q

A(n) ____ response is an animal’s learned responses to a stimulus.

A

Conditioned

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18
Q

____ is when an animal learns to associate a behavior with a reward.

A

Operant conditioning

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19
Q

____ is the process by which actors use specially designed signals to modify the behavior of reactors.

A

Signal modalities of communication

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20
Q

True or false:

Actors can use communication to modify the behavior of reactors in both their own and other species.

A

True

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21
Q

List the six signal modalities of communication.

A
  1. Acoustic
  2. Visual
  3. Chemical
  4. Electric
  5. Vibrational
  6. Tactile
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22
Q

____ is a form of communication that animals use to find and select potential mates, and to decide when to mate.

A

Courtship displays / mate attraction

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23
Q

Courtship displays tend to be species-specific, which often leads to…

A

Reproductive isolation

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24
Q

List five reasons for communication within a species.

A
  1. Mating
  2. Food
  3. Predators
  4. Status
  5. Territory
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25
List two forms of communication across species.
1. Communication between predator and prey 2. Shared vigilance among prey
26
# True or false: A prey animal will often alert a predator when it notices its presence.
True
27
____ means that when multiple species of animals are in a group, any species' alarm call is sufficient to warn all species of a predator.
Shared vigilance
28
When shaping communication, natural selection acts on...
Both the actor and reactor
29
Natural selection shapes the actor's signal to....
Be as effective as possible in modifying the reactor's behavior in a way that benefits the actor
30
Natural selection shapes the reactor's behavior to...
Be beneficial to itself
31
Natural selection can lead to signals that are... | (four)
1. Repetitive 2. Ritualized 3. Honest 4. Deceptive
32
Animals invest large amounts of time and energy into...
Reproduction
33
Generally, ____ have a higher parental investment.
Females
34
____ in animals leads to each sex having different reproductive strategies.
Unequal parental investment
35
Because females are limited in the number of offspring they can produce, they will be more successful if...
Their offspring are high quality
36
Males invest little into each offspring so they will be more successful if...
They have as many offspring as possible
37
____ compete for as many mating opportunities as possible.
Males
38
____ are much more selective in who they mate with.
Females
39
____ occurs when a heritable trait increases or decreases within a population based on how it affects an animal's ability to attain mates.
Sexual selection
40
Sexual selection is a subtype of natural selection, where ____ is the driving force.
The struggle to mate
41
____ refers to competition with one's own sex for members of the other.
Intrasexual selection
42
____ leads to traits that enable individuals to win a competition with a competitor.
Intrasexual selection
43
# True or false: Intrasexual selection often does not involve physical violence.
True ## Footnote (characteristics can decide a victor before the match starts)
44
Physically battling for mates is called...
Escalated intrasexual competition
45
Competitors only need to fight for mating rights if they are...
Physically matched
46
____ refers to mate choice based on characteristics of the opposite sex.
Intersexual selection
47
____ leads to the selection of exaggerated traits.
Intersexual selection
48
# True or false: If a trait decreases a male's ability to survive, it will not be selected for by intersexual selection.
False If the trait enhances reproductive success, it may still be selected for.
49
Females may select mates based on physical characteristics or...
Resources
50
____ occurs when there is a physical difference between the sexes.
Sexual dimorphism
51
____ are traits that develop in only one sex and aid in their ability to attain a mate.
Secondary sexual characteristics
52
The extent of sexual dimorphism often corresponds to the relative amount of....
Parental investment
53
If males have more parental investment, the species will usually show ____ sexual dimorphism.
Less
54
The extent of sexual dimorphism may correspond to the type of ____ used by the species.
Mating system
55
List four types of mating systems.
1. Monogamy 2. Polygyny 3. Polyandry 4. Promiscuity
56
____ describes a mating system where one male mates with one female per reproductive cycle.
Monogamy
57
Monogamy often occurs in species whose offspring are...
Altricial (requiring long-term extensive care)
58
In ____ species, males often assist females in raising the young.
Monogamous
59
____ describes a mating system where one male mates with several females.
Polygyny
60
____ is common in species where males are not needed or unable to raise offspring.
Polygyny
61
____ describes a mating system where one female mates with several males.
Polyandry
62
____ is relatively rare, but occurs in resource-rich environments, species where both sexes can care for young, and species without parental care where males are restricted to one female.
Polyandry
63
____ describes a mating system where both males and females mate several times with different individuals.
Promiscuity
64
Species where females mate with multiple males are normally...
Promiscuous
65
In ____ species, females care for the young alone or with other females.
Promiscuous
66
____ species may live in communal groups, where all animals in the group help to raise the young.
Promiscuous
67
List five types of helping behavior.
1. Altruism 2. Mutualism 3. Manipulation 4. Reciprocity 5. Kin selection
68
____ is acting to increase another individual's lifetime number of offspring at a cost to one's own survival and reproduction.
Altruism
69
In order for a helping behavior to be considered altruism, there must be...
A cost to the fitness of the actor
70
____ occurs when animals cooperate for mutual benefit, and both benefit from the interaction.
Mutualism
71
____ occurs when the recepient manipulates the donor into providing the benefit.
Manipulation
72
Manipulation is sometimes called...
"accidental altruism"
73
____ is a helping behavior where two individuals continue to repay the help they receive.
Reciprocity
74
# True or false: In a reciprocal relationship, the helper will not help again until repayment is received.
True
75
____ requires repeated interactions and recognition between two individuals.
Reciprocity
76
____ occurs when a behavior is favored because it benefits relatives.
Kin selection
77
Among animals, ____ is probably rare and accidental.
True altruism
78
____ refers to an individual's ability to survive and pass on traits to their offspring.
Fitness
79
Helping kin is ____ altruistic but ____ selfish.
Phenotypically ; genotypically
80
Kin selection may be favored by natural selection because...
Relatives share many genes, so increasing a relative's reproduction means many of the individual's genes are also passed on.
81
____ is the combination of direct and indirect fitness.
Inclusive fitness
82
____ is fitness that comes from one's own survival and reproduction.
Direct fitness
83
____ is fitness that comes from aiding the survival and reproduction of non-descendant kin.
Indirect fitness
84
In order for ____ to be favored, the ratio of cost to donor and benefits to receiver must be correct.
Kin selection
85
____ states that an altruistic act is favored by natural selection if the cost to the donor is less than the benefit to the receiver.
Hamilton's rule
86
According to Hamilton's rule, how much cost a donor can incur before altruism is no longer favored depends on...
How closely related the recipient is
87
The equation for Hamilton's rule is...
c < rb ## Footnote c: cost to donor (offspring) r: relatedness of donor and recipient b: benefit to receiver (offspring)
88
List three types of groups in which animals can live.
1. Aggregations 2. Social groups 3. Colonies
89
____ are groups of animals with no social or physical structure.
Aggregations
90
____ are groups of animals with social organization and relatively stable relationships between individuals.
Social groups
91
____ are groups of animals that have both social and physical structure.
Colonies
92
List three benefits to group living.
1. May increase safety 2. Easier to obtain food 3. More mates available
93
List two possible cons to group living.
1. May attract attention of predators 2. Increased competition for food, mates, and resources
94
The optimal group size for a group of animals is the size at which...
The benefits outweigh the costs

BIOL 1106 (23 decks)

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