8. evolution

Question 1

biogeography

Answer 1

using continents drifting to show evolution

Question 2

embryology

Answer 2

using ontogeny (development stages) among related species to do phylogeny

Question 3

homologous structure

Answer 3

body parts that look the same but different species but COMMON ANCESTOR

Question 4

analogous / homeoplasies structure

Answer 4

body parts that look same but just same environment

Question 5

analogous vs homologous

Answer 5

ask if its same class (mammals). if not, then analogous

Question 6

sexual dimorphism

Answer 6

disruptive selection due to too much sexual selection

Question 7

balanced polymorphism

Answer 7

two or more phenotypes. adds variation

Question 8

hybrid vigor

Answer 8

good survival of hybrid. usually due to heterozygous advantage

Question 9

natural selection

Answer 9

changes allele frequencies

Question 10

gene flow

Answer 10

new alleles changes from immigration or emigration

Question 11

genetic drift

Answer 11

small population fluctuating alleles

Question 12

founder effect

Answer 12

alleles are different of migrating group by chance

Question 13

bottleneck

Answer 13

genetic drift vulnerable from natural disaster

Question 14

nonrandom mating

Answer 14

choose mates on traits. like inbreeding, or sexual selection

Question 15

hardy weinberg

Answer 15

no allele changes.

Question 16

allopatric speciation

Answer 16

geo barrier then alleles change

Question 17

sympatric speciation

Answer 17

new species w/o barrier

Question 18

hybrid zone

Answer 18

two species that are closely related breed in a geo boundary

Question 19

adaptive radiation

Answer 19

evolution of many species from one ancestor. done in new niches

Question 20

divergent evolution

Answer 20

two or more species originate from common ancestor and become increasingly different over time

Question 21

convergent evolution

Answer 21

two unrelated species share traits (analogous)

Question 22

paralell evolution

Answer 22

two related species made more similar after divergence

Question 23

coevolution

Answer 23

evolution of one species based on another

Question 24

phyletic gradualism

Answer 24

evolution by small changes. macro

Question 25

punctuated eq

Answer 25

stability then rapid evolution alternation. macro

Question 26

operin's hypothesis

Answer 26

origin of earth is reducing not Ox!

Question 27

miller and urey

Answer 27

used several stuff with lightening and saw many organic molecules form

Question 28

*** Origin of life skipped

Answer 28

see ch

Question 29

vestigial structure

Answer 29

– structures that appear to be useless but had ancestral function;

Question 30

mullein mimicry

Answer 30

- two or more harmful species that are not closely related, and share one or more common predators, have come to mimic each other's warning signals

Question 31

batsman mimicry

Answer 31

– deceptive; harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a common predator

Question 32

deme

Answer 32

small population of the same species that interbreed. like certain beavers on a river

Question 33

synaptomorphies

Answer 33

shared traits common to a clafe

Question 34

monophyletic

Answer 34

ancestral species and descendents

Question 35

paraphyletic

Answer 35

ancestor and some descendents

Question 36

polyphyletic

Answer 36

common ancestor is not in group!!