8. evolution Flashcards
biogeography
using continents drifting to show evolution
embryology
using ontogeny (development stages) among related species to do phylogeny
homologous structure
body parts that look the same but different species but COMMON ANCESTOR
analogous / homeoplasies structure
body parts that look same but just same environment
analogous vs homologous
ask if its same class (mammals). if not, then analogous
sexual dimorphism
disruptive selection due to too much sexual selection
balanced polymorphism
two or more phenotypes. adds variation
hybrid vigor
good survival of hybrid. usually due to heterozygous advantage
natural selection
changes allele frequencies
gene flow
new alleles changes from immigration or emigration
genetic drift
small population fluctuating alleles
founder effect
alleles are different of migrating group by chance
bottleneck
genetic drift vulnerable from natural disaster
nonrandom mating
choose mates on traits. like inbreeding, or sexual selection
hardy weinberg
no allele changes.
allopatric speciation
geo barrier then alleles change
sympatric speciation
new species w/o barrier
hybrid zone
two species that are closely related breed in a geo boundary
adaptive radiation
evolution of many species from one ancestor. done in new niches
divergent evolution
two or more species originate from common ancestor and become increasingly different over time
convergent evolution
two unrelated species share traits (analogous)
paralell evolution
two related species made more similar after divergence
coevolution
evolution of one species based on another
phyletic gradualism
evolution by small changes. macro
punctuated eq
stability then rapid evolution alternation. macro
operin’s hypothesis
origin of earth is reducing not Ox!
miller and urey
used several stuff with lightening and saw many organic molecules form
*** Origin of life skipped
see ch
vestigial structure
– structures that appear to be useless but had ancestral function;
mullein mimicry
- two or more harmful species that are not closely related, and share one or more
common predators, have come to mimic each other’s warning signals
batsman mimicry
– deceptive; harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a common predator
deme
small population of the same species that interbreed. like certain beavers on a river
synaptomorphies
shared traits common to a clafe
monophyletic
ancestral species and descendents
paraphyletic
ancestor and some descendents
polyphyletic
common ancestor is not in group!!
