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DAT Bio FINAL > 11.11 endocrine system > Flashcards

11.11 endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

end vs exocrine

A

endo secretes into the blood, while eco secretes into ducts

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2
Q

pancreas

A

both ends and exocrine since digestive

enzymes via pancreative duct; insulin + glucagon into blood)

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3
Q

paracrine

A

– cell signalling where target is nearby;

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4
Q

Autocrine -

A

cell signaling via hormone/chemical

messenger that binds to receptors on same cell.

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5
Q

endocrine vs nervous system

A

hormones are through blood; small amount = large

impact; endocrine system is slower, indirect, and longer lasting

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6
Q

peptide hormones

A

made in rough ER and modified in Golgi. acts on surface receptors like cyclic AMP, water soluble, can’t diffuse through cell membrane tho sp receptor

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7
Q

protein hormone receptor bind triggers

A
  1. ion channel increasing membrane permeability to ion
  2. activate/deactivate intrinsic membrane proteins as ion channels
  3. activates intracellular second messenger systems (cascade)
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8
Q

camp and pip???

A

??

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9
Q

protein hormone examples

A

FSH, LH, prolactin, glucagon and insulin, ADH, oxytocin

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10
Q

steroid hormone

A

made from cholesterol in smooth ER, hydrophobic so can’t do well in blood but good for membrane so intracellular

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11
Q

steroid hormone binding triggers

A
  1. diffuses past plasma and binds receptors in cytoplasm. acts in DNA at transcriptional level
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12
Q

steroid hormone ex

A

glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids of adrenal cortex, cortisol and aldosterone, gonadal hormones

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13
Q

tyrosine hormones

A
  • formed by enzymes in cytosol or on rough ER

- lipid soluble, bind in nun, has a LATENT PERIOD (longer period) hormones

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14
Q

tyrosine hormones affect

A

INCREASE transcription in every cell

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15
Q

tyrosine hormones ex

A

Catecholamines: (epi and norepi) water soluble; dissolve in blood; bind receptors on
target tissue & mainly act via 2nd msngr cAMP
▪ Includes thyroid hormones (T3 and T4 aka thyroxine) and catecholamines formed in
adrenal medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine

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16
Q

Be familiar w/ endocrine vs

neuroendocrine pathways ???

A

???

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17
Q

negative feedback **

A

control point is the conduct of the effector, not the cxn of the hormone [the gland lags behind the effector]. So if given a condition [e.g. high blood glucose] and asked hormone level expected, it would be high insulin [responding to the condition].

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18
Q

Hypothalamus-

A

monitors external environment and internal conditions of the body; Contains neurosecretory cells that link the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland (the hypothalamus is considered
the link between endocrine and nervous system).

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19
Q

Regulation of the pituitary

A

negative feedback
mechanisms and by secretion of releasing and inhibiting hormones; secretes ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin to be stored in posterior pituitary; also secretes GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) from neurons, which stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH.

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20
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

mainly regulates hormone production by other glands – itself regulated by
hypothalamus

makes nontropic hormones and tropic hormones

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21
Q

growth hormone

A
  • direct hormone
  • aka somatotropin; stimulates bone and muscle growth;
    all cells! Stims growth by increasing episodes of
    mitosis, cell size, rate of protein synthesis, use of fatty acids for energy. Also mobilizes
    fat stores, ↓ use of glucose. Protein transcription/translation ↑, protein/AA breakdown
    ↓
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22
Q

direct or nontropic hormone

A

directly stimulate target organs

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23
Q

tropic hormone

A

stimulates other endocrine glands

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24
Q

prolactin

A
  • direct
  • stimulates milk production
    Hypothalamus has stimulatory effect on release of all other AP hormones but mainly inhibits prolactin release. Suckling stimulates hypothalamus stimulates AP release of prolactin. No milk production before birth due to inhibitory effects on it by
    progesterone and estrogen.
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25
Q

melanocyte stimulating hormone

A
  • direct
  • stimulates melanocytes to produce + release
    melanin
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26
Q

Endorphins

A

inhibit perception of pain (technically a neurohormone)

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27
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-

A
  • tropic
  • stimulates adrenal cortex
    release glucocorticoids (via 2nd messenger cAMP). Release of ACTH stimulated by many types of biological stress. Glucocorticoids are stress hormones.
28
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-

A
  • tropic
  • stimulates thyroid gland which in turn ↑ size, cell
    #, and rate of secretion of thyroid hormone (T3 and T4). T3 and T4 cxns negatively
    feedback on TSH release (at both the AP and hypothalamus)
29
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH):

A
  • tropic
    females-stimulates formation of corpus luteum / males-
    stimulates interstitial cells of testes to produce testosterone
30
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH):

A

females- stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles to secrete estrogen / males- stimulates maturation of seminiferous tubules and sperm prod

31
Q

posterior pituitary

A

composed mainly of support tissue for nerve endings extending from the
hypothalamus. Does not synthesize hormones, stores ADH and oxytocin produced by hypothalamus

32
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin)

A
  • PP produced
    increases reabsorption of water by increasing
    permeability of nephron’s collecting duct water reabsorption and increased blood volume and pressure. Coffee, alc. block ADH (↑ urine volume)
33
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • PP gland
  • secreted during childbirth- increases strength of uterine contractions and
    stimulates milk ejection [by stimulating contraction of smooth muscle cells in uterus and mammary glands]
34
Q

Pineal gland-

A
  • PP

secretes melatonin- plays role in circadian rhythm

35
Q

brain endocrine glands

A

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal glands

36
Q

thyroid

A

located on ventral surface of trachea just in front of trachea

37
Q

t4 and t3

A

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) – lipid soluble, tyrosine derivative
o Derived from tyrosine and necessary for growth and neurological development in
children and increase basal metabolic rate in body (negative feedback on TSH)
o These hormones contain Iodine

38
Q

Hypothyroidism-

A

undersecretion
* goiters (enlargement of gland)
low heart rate and respiratory rate [and ↓BMR]

39
Q

Hyperthyroidism-

A

oversecretion
* goiters (enlargement of gland)
increased metabolic rate and sweating

40
Q

calcitonin

A
  • thyroid
  • (“tones down” Ca2+) in blood – peptide hormone
    o Stimulates osteoblast activity which builds up bone by using up the Ca2+ in blood
    o Decreases plasma Ca2+ by inhibiting its release from bone
    o Decreases osteoclast activity and number
41
Q

anchondroplasia

A

dwarfism. thyroid problem

42
Q

progeria

A

premature aging –

wrinkled skin, arthritis, arteriosclerosis). thyroid problem

43
Q

why is thyroid unique

A

produces more than one type of hormone [the adrenal

cortex and medulla are considered separate glands]

44
Q

Parathyroid-

A

four pea-shaped structures attached to back of thyroid

45
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-

A

Raises Ca2+ concentrations in blood by stimulating release from bone
▪ Increases osteocyte absorption of Ca + phosphate from bone; stimulates
osteoclast proliferation

o Increases renal Ca reabsorption + renal phosphate excretion
o Increases Ca + phosphate uptake from gut by increasing renal production of vitamin
D-derived steroid
o Secretion regulated by Ca2+ plasma cxn; parathyroid glands grow or shrink
accordingly

46
Q

thymus

A

involved in immune response
- Secretes thymosins that stimulate lymphocytes (WBCs) to become T-cells (identification and
destroying of infected body cells)

47
Q

Adrenal gland-

A

on top of kidneys and consist of:

- Adrenal cortex (outer portion) and adrenal medulla (inside)

48
Q

adrenal cortex

A
  • steroid hormones only

-

49
Q

glucocorticoids

A

adrenal cortex

(cortisol and cortisone)- raise blood glucose levels (stimulates
gluconeogenesis in the liver); degrades adipose tissue to FAs for use as energy
▪ Also causes degradation of nonhepatic proteins and decrease of nonhepatic
AA’s
● Corresponding increase in liver/plasma proteins and AA’s
▪ Coristol is a stress hormone

50
Q

Mineralcorticoids

A

adrenal cortex

(aldosterone)- increases reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in
kidneys
▪ Acts on DCT and CD of nephron to increase Na/Cl reabsorption and K/H
secretion. Net gain in particles in the plasma
▪ Causes passive reabsorption of water in nephron rise in blood volume/pressure [secondary effect]
▪ same effect but lesser extent on sweat/salivary glands and intestines

51
Q

cortical sex hormones

A

adrenal cortex

small amount secreted;
significant in females but not in males [due to testes producing much more]

52
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A
  • adrenal medulla
    “fight or flight” –
    the catecholamines
    ▪ “fight or flight”(effects on target tissue similar to their role in sympathetic
    NS but last longer); considered stress hormones
    ▪ glycogen glucose [↑ blood glucose], vasoconstrictor to internal organs+skin
    but vasodilator to skeletal muscle, increased heartbeat
    ▪ increase metabolic activities [glycogenolysis, lipolysis]
    ▪ Increased blood flow to brain and increased BP
53
Q

pancreas

A

both exocrine and endocrine; has bundles of cells called islet of Langerhans which contains
two cell types:
- alpha and beta cells

54
Q

Alpha cells

A

secrete glucagon (α “active”): catabolic, released when energy charge low; net

effect: raises blood glucose levels
- Stimulates liver to convert glycogen glucose
- Stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver
- Adipose tissue + blood lipids

55
Q

beta cells

A

anabolic, released when blood levels of
carbs/proteins are high; net effect lowers blood glucose levels
- Stimulates liver (and most other body cells) to absorb glucose
- Liver + muscle cells: glucose

glycogen; fat cells: blood lipids

adipose tissue storage
- Works on most body cells (except for neurons of brain and a few others) to become
highly permeable to glucose

56
Q

insulin derived from

A

derived from preproinsulin and pro-insulin. These precursor molecules
undergo hydrolysis rxn that modify them to active insulin. Specific protease enzymes
cleave two peptide bonds allows mature insulin to form.

57
Q

Somatostatin

A

released by delta cells of pancreas; inhibits both insulin and glucagon;
possibly increases nutrient absorption time. Suppresses release of GI hormones, this ↓ rate of gastic emptying + ↓blood flow to intestine

58
Q

Testis-

A

testosterone- spermatogenesis, secondary sex characteristics

59
Q

Ovaries-

A

release estrogen and progesterone

60
Q

estrogen

A

menstrual cycle, secondary sex characteristics

61
Q

progesterone

A

menstrual cycle, pregnancy

62
Q

male and female development here??

A

??

63
Q

gastrin

A

food in stomach, stimulates secretion of HCl

64
Q

Secretin-

A

small intestine- when acidic food enters from stomach

neutralize acidity of chyme by

stimulating release of alkaline bicarbonate from pancreas

65
Q

Cholecystokinin-

A

small intestine- presence of fats causes contraction of gall-bladder and
release of bile (involved in digestion of fats) (also tells pancreas to release enzymes for digestion)

DAT Bio FINAL (22 decks)

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