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DAT Bio FINAL > 7. Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

7. Molecular Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA goes from

A

5’ to 3’

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2
Q

replication

A

helicase unwinds dna forming a replication fork

  • SSBs keep it open
  • Topoisomerase decreases tension
  • DNA pol moves from 3’ to 5’ making strand
  • makes the lagging strand using primase fragments (DNA ligase connects and then DNA pol I changes to DNA)
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3
Q

DNA pol functions

A

pol 3 replicates but can also check via exonuclease

- pol I breaks down fragments

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4
Q

telomere replication

A

telomerase adds elongation to end so it doesn’t degrade

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5
Q

protein synthesis

A
  • AA’s are redundant
  • mRNA has 64 possible codons
  • tRNA has a clover shape with h bonds (tiny abundance)
  • rRNA (rich abundance) is the DNA being transcribed with the mRNA (merger abundance) bound as well as the tRNA
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6
Q

transcription

A
  • RNA pol binds to promoter region (in eukaryote is tata box, prokarya is Pribnow box)
  • only one strand is transcribed, which is the temple antisense DNA trand, while the other is the CODing/ sense strand
  • AAA coding strand is end
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7
Q

rna has greater error than

A

dna

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8
Q

mRNA processing

A

5’ cap, poly a tail, introns spliced out

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9
Q

translation

A
  • GTP as energy
  • small ribosome attaches to 5’ end, MET attaches to AUG
  • elongation then A site releases MET in E site. this then moves in translocation.
  • termination is reaching stop codon UAG, UAA, UGA
  • folding using chaperone proteins
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10
Q

post translation

A

may go to ER and secreted via Golgi

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11
Q

multiple ribosomes can attackh in

A

prokarya

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12
Q

bacteria start codon

A

formylmethionine

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13
Q

silent mutation

A

same codon

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14
Q

nonsense

A

new codon is stop codon

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15
Q

missense

A

codon is new amino acid

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16
Q

proofreading mech

A
  • dna pol, mismatch repair for mismatched bases, or excision repair where damaged dna goes away (T dimers)
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17
Q

nucelosome

A

DNA around 8 bundles of histones

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18
Q

euchromatin

A

loosely bound dna to be transcribed

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19
Q

heterochromatin

A

tight DNA no transcribe

20
Q

transposons

A

dna segments that jump around

21
Q

pseudo genes

A

no longer code for anything

22
Q

virus

A

DNA or RNA with protein capsid coat made from capsomeres and viral envelope (protein from host if it has one)

23
Q

lytic cycle

A

virus penetrates host and then hijacks it to make new virus, then explode out of cell and infect other cells

24
Q

DNA virus

A

dna forms new viral dna

25
Q

rna virus

A

rna serves as mNA that is made into a protein

26
Q

retrovirus

A

use reverse transcriptase to make DNA complete their na, which goes to lysogenic cycle

27
Q

lysogenic

A

viral DNA is incorporated into DNA of host cell. can be dormant (provirus or prophage)

28
Q

prions

A

misfolded proteins that cause others to misfold

29
Q

viroids

A

smaller than virus RNA that infect plants

30
Q

binary fission

A

chromosome replicates, cell divides (bacteria!)

31
Q

plasmids

A

short dna that is outside chromosome (not essential)

32
Q

episomes

A

plasmids that incorporate into bacterial chromosome

33
Q

conjugation

A

donor produces pills, connects ot recipient, sends chromosome and then it recombines.

34
Q

transduction

A

DNA is given by virus. done in lytic cycle when bacterial dna goes in place of viral dna

35
Q

operon in prokaryotes

A

has

  1. promoterL RNA pol attaches
  2. operator: region that blocks rna pol
  3. genes: DNA
  4. regulatory genes: produce repressor or activator proteins that affect promoter region
36
Q

lac operon

A

breakdown of glucose. when lactose available, lactose removes repressor and now can make enzyme.

37
Q

low glucose is cAMP?

A

high cAMP levels

38
Q

cAMP?

A

binds to cap binding site of promoter region. and thus gives better transcription

39
Q

if lactose and glucose are high

A

then no operon production for lactase. body prefers glucose digestion

40
Q

typ operon

A

enzyme for tryptophan synth. tryptophan itself binds to activate repressor, and blocks rna pol

41
Q

repressible enzymes

A

when genes sto[ making enzymes in presence of an active repressor

42
Q

constitutive genes

A

constantly expressed

43
Q

regulation allowing cell specific stuff

A

using activators can make different cells by turning off certain segments

44
Q

methylation of histores

A

tighter packing so no transcription

45
Q

acetylation

A

uncoiling of chromosomes so transcription proceeds

46
Q

RNA interference

A

micro and short interfering (miRNA or siRNA) RNA can block translation too.

  • RNA interference is specifically siRNA blocking

DAT Bio FINAL (22 decks)

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