Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DAT Bio FINAL > 11.6 nervous system > Flashcards

11.6 nervous system Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

dendrites

A

receive info and transfer to cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

glial cells

A

nervous tissue support cells. can divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin in CNS

*glial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Schwann cells

A

produce myelin in PNS

*glial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

myelin sheathes

A

act as insulators and are separated by nodes of ranvier. instead of travelling down , it jumps (saltatory conduction).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

white and grey matter

A

myelin is white, neurons are grey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

microglia

A

(phagocytes of the CNS),

*glial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ependymal

A

(use cilia to
circulate CSF),
*glial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

satellite cells

A

(support ganglia – groups of cell bodies in PNS),

*glial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

astrocytes

A

(physical support to neurons of CNS; maintain mineral and nutrient balance)
*glial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

sensory (afferent) neruons

A

receive initial stimulus like neurons in eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

motor (efferent) neurons

A

stimulate effectors, target cells that elicit some response (Ex: neurons
may stimulate the muscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

association (interneuron)

A

located in spinal cord & brain- receive impulses from sensory and
send impulses to motor neurons. They are integrators, as they evaluate impulses for
appropriate response. ~99% of nerves are interneurons. Some reflex arcs do not require an
interneuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how to generate action potential

A
  1. resting. -70mV
  2. stimulus opens gated ion channels. let Na+ in depolarizing it. if at -50mV will cause all volt gates down axon to open **all or nothing
  3. repolarization. gated channels let out k+, restoring polarization. na+ is IN here and k+ is out
  4. hyper polarization. too much k+ released (-80)
  5. refractory. neuron won’t respond now. ** Stops AP from going backwards!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

refractory period absolute

A

na+ channels are inactive. no response to stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

relative refractory period

A

abnormally large stimuli can generate AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

electrical transmission across synapse

A

travels along membranes of cap junctions. this is bidirectional, fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

chemical transmission across synapse

A

unidirectional

  1. ca+ gates open. depolarization allows ca2+ to enter cell via voltage dependent calcium channel
  2. synaptic vessels release NT. release into cleft.
  3. NT binds with post synaptic receptors. diffusion and binding
  4. postsynaptic membrane is excited or inhibited
  5. NT goes away
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

postsynaptic membrane when its excited

A

Na+ gates open, membrane is depolarized

excitatory postsynaptic potential
(EPSP), if threshold potential is succeeded, action potential is generated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

postsynaptic membrane when its inhibited

A

K+ gates open, membrane becomes hyperpolarized

inhibitory postsynaptic
potential (IPSP)… it becomes more difficult to generate action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

acetylcholine

A

muscle contraction. used for Peripheral NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Glutamate

A
  • AA NT
    in invertebrates at muscular junctions
  • most common in vert in CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

gamma aminobutyric acid

A
  • AA NT

inhibitory among brain neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

glycine

A
  • AA NT

- inhibitory NT among synapses of the CNS outside the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin

A
  • AA derived
  • secreted between neurons of CNS
  • epi and norepi act in Sympathetic NS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

neuropeptide NT

A

endorphins and stuff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

gases NT

A

Nitrous oxide. not stored. involved in relaxation of smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A
  • hydrolyzes acetylcholine and is on the post synaptic cleft. terminates singal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

there are ___ branches of the autonomic and somatic NS

A

efferent and afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

afferent branch

A

sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

efferent branch

A

motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

somatic NS

A

sensory components from eyes and motor components to skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

autonomic NS

A

conveys sensory impulses from blood vessels and organs and motor components transmits TO organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

CNS structure

A
  • interneurons, brain and spinal chord
  • B and S have three layers of coating called meninges.; outer later is dura after (thick with blood), arachnoid matter (web) then Pia mater directly covering the stuff
  • between arachnoid and Pia matter is CSF produced by choroid plexus in the CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

brain components

A

outer grey matter (Cell bodies) and inner white matter (axons). has forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

forebrain

A

contains cerebellum (cerebral cortex), olfactory bulb, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia and hippocampus

37
Q

cerebral cortex

A

in cerebellum processes sensory input / important for perception, memory, voluntary
movement, and learning)],

38
Q

olfactory bulb

A

smell

39
Q

thalamus

A

(relay for sensory information

between spinal cord and cerebral cortex),

40
Q

hypothalamus

A

hypothalamus- visceral function (water balance,
blood pressure, temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, sex, circadian rhythms [coordinated by
suprachiasmatic nucleus]),

41
Q

basal ganglia

A

centers for planning/learning movement sequences,

42
Q

hippocampus

A

memory consolidation and spatial navigation

43
Q

Midbrain

A

– relay center for visual/ auditory impulses; motor control

44
Q

Hindbrain

A

posterior part of brain;

45
Q

cerebellum

A

(maintenance of balance, hand-eye
coordination, timing of rapid movements, motor skills – note that the cerebellum doesn’t
initiate movement, but helps coordinate it),

46
Q

pons

A

hindbrain. (relay center to allow communication b/w

cortex and cerebellum),

47
Q

medulla oblongata

A

hindbrain. (breathing, heart rate, gastrointestinal activity)

48
Q

brainstem

A

consists of midbrain + medulla oblongata + pons. Connects the cerebrum
with the spinal cord. The reticular formation (a network of neurons within the
brainstem) regulates sleep and arousal.

49
Q

spinal chord

A

outer area is white matter/inner gray matter (cell bodies). Sensory info enters through
dorsal horn. All motor info exits through the ventral horn.

50
Q

amygdala

A

base of cerebellum. nuclei responsible for emotional memory

51
Q

two hemispheres of cerebral cortex

A

hemispheres connected by corpus callosum (thick nerve

bundle). Its cerebral cortex is divided by lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

52
Q

Frontal: cerebral cortex

A

Conscious thought (attention); initiates voluntary skeletal muscle movement via motor
cortex; contains olfactory bulb for smell. Prefrontal cortex (decision making, planning). Broca’s
area (forming speech).

53
Q

Partietal: cerebral cortex

A

Sensory areas. Somatosensation - temp, touch, pressure, pain. Proprioception –
orientation of bodyparts in space. Somatosensory cortex.

54
Q
  • Temporal:cerebral cortex
A

Process and interprets sounds; Wernicke’s area - understand speech. Also contains
hippocampus (involved in memory formation). Aud. cortx

55
Q

Occipital: cerebral cortex

A

Process and interpret visual input; object recogition, visual stimuli, etc. Visual & visual
association cortex.

56
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

– consists of somatic and autonomic; both have sensory and motor
branches
- somatic (innervates skeletal muscles)
- autonomic (involuntary and innervates cardiac and smooth muscle)

57
Q

PNS autonomic system sympathetic:

A

fight or flight BP and HR, ejaculation, energy generation and surpasses household tasks like digestion etc

  • preganglia originate and exit in CNS through spinal chord, presynaptic release acetylcholine and post synaptic release epi and norepi
58
Q

PNS autonomic system parasympathetic:

A

lower HR, increase digestion, relaxation, arousal.

- originate in CNS brain and form synapses with effectors. preganglia releases acetylcholine and so does post

59
Q

receptors for acetylcholine

A

cholinergenic. nicotinic ‘9skeletal muscle) and muscarinic (effectors in ParaNS)

60
Q

receptors for epi and norepinephrine are called

A

adrenergic

61
Q

reflex arc

A

rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus involving two or three neurons, but brain DOES NOT integrate the sensory and motor activities… instead synapse in spinal cord*** Example: Knee-
jerk (patellar) reflex

62
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

touch

63
Q

thermoreceptors

A

(temperature),

64
Q

nociceptors

A

(pain),

65
Q

electromagnetic receptors

A

light

66
Q

chemoreceptors

A

(taste, smell, blood chemistry).

67
Q

vagus nerve

A

(extending from the medulla oblongata) innervates parts of the heart, lungs,
stomach, intestines, and liver;

68
Q

sciatic nerve

A

serves te lower limbs and pelcis;

69
Q

abduscens nerve

A

servies

the somatic muscles surrounding eye;

70
Q

supraorbital nerve

A

serves sturctures surrounding eye + scalp

71
Q

eye structure

A
  • has cornea (focus light), pupil (diameter controlled by iris), lens (controlled by ciliary muscles) and retire with light cells
  • eye is surrounded by sclera (connective tissue) beneath the choroid (vascular layer with blood)
72
Q

cones

A

high-intensity illumination; sensitive to color

73
Q

rods

A

low intensity; important in night vision; no color
- Rod pigment rhodopsin [aka visual purple] is struck by photons from light, causing hyperpolarization transduced into neural AP sent to brain

74
Q

Photoreceptor cells synapse to

A

to bipolar cells to ganglion cells to axions of ganglion cells then bundle to optic nerve

75
Q

blind spot

A

where optic nerve exits

76
Q

fovea

A

densely packed with cones; important for high acuity vision [most dense cxn of
photoreceptors here]

77
Q

vitrous humor

A

(jelly-like, between lens and retina, maintains eye shape and optical properties –
makes up most of the eye volume)

78
Q

aqueous humor

A

(watery, fills anterior chamber between the lens
and cornea, eye produces it, maintains intraocular pressure and provides nutrients to avascular ocular
tissues)

79
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness

80
Q

Hyperopia

A

farsightedness

81
Q

Astigmatism

A

irregularly shaped cornea

82
Q

Cataracts

A

lens becomes opaque light cannot enter

83
Q

Glaucoma

A

– increase in pressure of eye due to blocking of outflow of aqueous humor

84
Q

ear structure

A

outer, middle and inner ear; transduces sound energy into impulses

85
Q

outer ear

A

auricle/pinna (what we think of as the ear) and auditory canal; direct sound
into external auditory canal

86
Q

middle ear

A

amplifies sound; tympanic membrane (eardrum) begins the middle ear and
vibrates at same frequency as incoming sound ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes)

87
Q

inner ear

A

wave moves through the cochlea (vibration of ossicles exert pressure on fluid). As wave moves through pressure alternates, creating motion along the basilar
membrane; this movement is detected by hair cells (not actual hair but specialized
stereocilia) of the organ of Corti => transduced neural signal action potential

88
Q

semicircular canals

A

in inner ear. canals responsible for balance (fluid + hair cells
sense orientation + motion)

89
Q

Only vertebrates have…

A

Myelinated axons

DAT Bio FINAL (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions