Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DAT Bio FINAL > 11.10 immune system > Flashcards

11.10 immune system Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

blood is a

A

connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

albumin

A

important plasma protein that regulates osmotic pressure and transports stuff. MOST abundant in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

innate immunity

A

nonspecific and first line of defense.

  • skin with acid
  • antimicrobial proteins like lysosomes
  • cilia: in lungs
  • gastric juice: stomach
  • symbiotic bacteria: outcompetes orgs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

2nd line of defense

A

also nonspecific all WBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

leukocytes

A

all WBC’s originate from stem cell in bone marrow but some multiply + become non-naive in the lymph node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

relative amounts of cells in blood

A

erythrocytes&raquo_space;> platelets >

leukocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

neutrophils (macrophage)

A

non specific
- – fxn in destruction of pathogens in infected tissues; drawn to infected/injured
areas by chemicals via process of chemotaxis; slip between endothelial cells of capillary
(into tissue) via diapedesis. Neutral to acidic/basic dyes, and have a distinctive 4-5 lobed nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

monocytes (macrophage)

A

circulate in blood until they move into tissues (diapedesis) where they develop into macrophages (which phagocytize cell debris + pathogens, are a professional antigen- presenting cell). Alternatively, can give rise to dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Eosinophils

A

– work collectively to surround and destroy multicellular parasites. Stain in acid dyes (not phagocytic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

responsible for the ingestion of pathogens and stimulates acquired immunity (“main function as APCs that activates T-lymphocytes”). Can have myeloid (from monocyte) or lymphoid lineage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mast Cells

A

fxn in allergic response, inflammatory response (histamine release),
anaphylaxis. Reside in tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

basophiles

A

release histamines for inflammatory response. Stain in basic dyes. Found circulating in
blood; recruited into tissue when needed. Contain histamine, heparin [works as an anticoagulant],
and several cytokines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

phagocytes

A

leukocytes (WBC’s) engulf pathogens by phagocytosis (neutrophils and monocytes
[enlarge into macrophages]). Other WBCs called natural killer cells (NK cells) attack abnormal body cells-tumors or pathogen-infected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

pus

A

After neutrophils and macrophages engulf necrotic tissue + bacteria they die; these dead
leukocytes + necrotic tissue + tissue fluid = pus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • Complement system:
A

~30 complement proteins; circulate in inactive state activated by substance on microbe surfaces activation results in cascade help attract phagocytes to foreign cells and help destroy by promoting cell lysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Interferons:

A

secreted by cells invaded by viruses/pathogens that stimulate neighboring cells to produce
proteins defend against virus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Inflammatory response:

A
  1. histamine released by mast cells causes vasodilation
  2. increase in blood supply to area, increase temp to stimulate WBS and kill pathogens
  3. phagocytes attracted to injury to complement eat bad stuff
  4. complement: helps phagocytes engulf cells, release more histamine through basophiles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

causative agents of inflammatory response

A

prostaglandins and lymphokines, basophiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how do pathogens evade

A

system. Some bacteria have an outer capsule

preventing molecular recognition & phagocytosis, others can resist breakdown within lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

specific defense

A

develops after body has been attacked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Major histocompatibility complex:

A

self and non self differentiation. is a collection of glycoprotein that exists on membranes of all body cells.

Antigen presentation. Involved in transplant/graft rejection: foreign
MHC triggers T-cell attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

lymphocytes

A

specific immunity
- response, leukocytes that originate in bone marrow but
concentrate in lymphatic tissues such as lymph nodes, thymus gland, and spleen.

** these are B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

B cells (produce antibodies):

A

originates and mature (?) in bone marrow (B cell for bone); response
to antigens (foreign particles). Plasma membrane of B cells contains antigen receptor-antibodies. The
soluble form of the receptor is a free antibody (immunoglobulins).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

antibodies

A

are proteins; specific to each antigen, five classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM. Y-shaped
protein w/ constant and variable regions). Note that disulfide bonds connect the heavy chains
to each other and to light chains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

IgG

A

antibody. most abundant in serum and can cross placenta to protect fetus

26
Q

IgA

A

breast milk antibody. found in secretions

27
Q

IgM

A

1st antibodies produced after initial exposure to antigen

28
Q

IgE

A

allergy antibody

29
Q

antibody remembering

A

G is gross so most, A is abundant in secretion, M is mono for first exposure, E is for sneeze, D is for Diminished (not many)

30
Q

IgD

A

not many of this

31
Q

fetus immunity

A

the protection of fetus by pregnant mother’s IgG antibodes is
considered passive immunity because the antibodies in the recipient are produced by
another individual

32
Q

b cells mature in fetus where

A

liver

33
Q

when an antigen binds to B cell

A

proliferation (2 copies) into daughter B cells (assisted by helper T)

34
Q

plasma cells

A

B cells that release specific free antibodies that circulate in blood

35
Q

Antibodies dispose of antigens upon binding

A
  1. Preventing virus from blocking to host cell
  2. Mark for macrophage/neutrophil/natural killer cell phagocytosis (opsonization)
  3. Lysis by complement proteins (pore formation)
  4. Agglutination of antigenic substance
  5. Chemical inactivation (if a toxin)
    - Free antibodies may also attach their base to mast cells, if it encounters antigen
    histamine release
36
Q

Memory cells:

A

long-lived B cells that circulate the body, proliferate, and response quickly (via
antibody synthesis) to eliminate subsequent invasion by same antigen. FAST

37
Q

T cells (foreign):

A

bone marrow but mature in thymus. DON”T make antibodies but check nonself cells.

38
Q

how t cells figure out self

A
  • MHC markers on plasma membrane of cells distinguish between self and nonself cells.
  • When body cell is invaded by pathogen (non-self), it displays a combination of self and nonself
    markers. T cells interpret this as non-self.
  • Cancer cells or tissues transplant cells are often recognized as nonself by T cells due to the
    combination.
39
Q

what happens when t cells encounter nonself

A

they divide and produce four kinds of cells:
a. Cytotoxic T cells: killer T cells recognize and destroy by releasing perforin protein to puncture
them (lysis). Can attack many cells because they do not phagocytize their victims.
b. Helper T cells: stimulate activation of B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and suppressor T cells. Target
for the virus that causes AIDS (HIV).
c. Suppressor T cells: play negative feedback roll in the immune system
d. Memory T cells: similar fxn to memory B cells

40
Q

natural killer cells

A

attack virus-infected cells or abnormal body cells (tumors) [these are part of the
innate immunity, not specific]. Note that they attack infected body cells, not the microorganisms
directly.

41
Q

Clonal Selection:

A

when antigen bind to B cell or when nonself binds to T cell

divide into daughter
cells, only B or T cells that bears effective antigen receptor is “selected” and reproduces to make clones.

42
Q

two kinds of adaptive immunity response

A

cell mediated response and antibody mediated response

43
Q

cell mediated response

A

T cells and responds to any non self cells.

  • produce cytotoxic T cells and helper t cells
  • helper T cells bind macrophages (engulf pathogens)
  • helper T cells then produce interleukins to stimulate proliferation of T cell, B cell and macrophage
44
Q

humoral or antibody mediated response

A
  • responds to antigens or pathogens that circulate in lymph or blood (basically B cells)
  • fluid is flushed into lymph system with lymphocytes
  • macrophages process antigen to b lymph
  • helper t helps b differentiate into plasma and memory cell
  • plasma cells make antibodies to attack
45
Q

what happens after B cells make memory cells immune

A

goes from mature to plasma to antibody

- a single B cell only makes one antibody type

46
Q

negative selection of t and b cells

A

develop in thymus and bone marrow,

- if they bind self, they are destroyed, can also do positive selection so cells recognize self to SOME extent

47
Q

vaccine mechanism

A

stimulate memory cell production from inactivated virus or weakened bacteria

48
Q

inactivated vaccine

A

made of inactive pathogen that has been destroyed

49
Q

attenuated vaccine

A

live pathogen that is disabled to prevent virulence

50
Q

toxoid vaccine

A

inactivated toxic compounds that cause illness RATHER than the pathogen itself

51
Q

passive immunity

A

transferred antibodies from mum

  • nonspecific and short
  • gamma globulin (blood with antibodies) and provide protection
52
Q

primary response

A

first time antigen is seen in body. 20 days to reach potential

53
Q

natural/ artificial immunity

A

how the response was induced

54
Q

active or passive

A

whether antibody is yours

55
Q

cytokines

A 
signaling molecules (chemical) used in immune response for immune cells to
communicate with one another.
56
Q

interleukin 2

A
  • kind of cytokine
    Interleukin-2 primarily
    triggers the immune system to produce T-cells and activates the clonal expansion of B-cells; they are
    made by helper T-cells.
57
Q

interleukin 1

A
  • kind of cytokine
    Interleukin-1 is involved with the acute-phase response that accompanies
    inflammatory reaction – IL-1 causes neurons in the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature several
    degrees above normal to impede growth of microorganisms; they are made by macrophages.
58
Q

paracrine system

A
  • local mediations that fun in the immediate area of release

- can be proteins AA Der, or fatty acids

59
Q

prostaglandins

A

locally acting autocrine/paracrine lipid messenger molecule [specifically a
modified fatty acid] that has physiological effects (e.g. contract/relax smooth muscle, platelet aggregation, inflammation, fever, pain sensation etc.).

60
Q

Aspirin

A

inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, thus

considered anti-inflammary, and decreases blood clotting

DAT Bio FINAL (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions