11.3 circulatory Flashcards
protazoa and cnidarians
diffusion
arthropods
open system with a cavity called hemocoel. fluid returns through ostia holes
mollusks
open except for cephalopods
annelids
closed system in vessels. dorsal vessels and aortic loops
bird heart chambers
4
reptiles and amphi heart chambers
3
fish chambers
2
crocs and gators chambers
4
heart human
- surrounded by pericardium sac
4 chamber
blood pathway
right atria gets deoxygenated blood enters via superior and inferior vena cava
then Right ventricle – blood is squeezed through right AV/tricuspid valve into right ventricle which contracts and pumps blood into pulmonary artery through the
pulmonary semilunar valve.
pulmonary circuit
Blood flows from R+L pulmonary arteries to
pulmonary veins then left atrium OXYGENATED VEINS
systemic circuit
Left atrium – after lungs the oxygenated blood enters left atrium via pulmonary
veins
Left ventricle – after going through left AV(aka mitral or bicuspid) valve, blood from
left ventricle goes to aorta through the aortic semilunar valve into rest of body:
▪ Aorta (largest vessel) then tissues
superior and inferior vena cava
right/ left AV valve
left AV valve prevents backlow into atrium,
pulmonary/ aortic semilunar valve
prevents it into ventricle
ejection fraction
percentage left in ventricles after contraction
how does heart contract
SA node initiates impulse to AV node. AV is delayed to allow atria to empty. spreads the signal via gap junctions. This goes through bundle of his then into ventricles via purkinje fibres which contract both ventricles together.
lub sound
ventricles contract is systole. blood is forced through pulmonary and aorta. tricuspid and mitral valves shut
*begining of systole
dub sound
ventricles relax so diastole which causes semilunar aorta and pulmonary valves to close to prevent backflow
** diastole begins
lowest blood pressure is
venues.
arteries
smooth muscle, thick walls, three layers with endothelial, smooth and then connective tissue
** highest blood pressure
arterioles
small, smooth muscle, reroute blood. most resistance to bP is here
capillaries
one cell thick
absorption: in the red end, stuff goes out, but at venous end, stuff goes back inside
veins have _ or lower cross sectional area than arteries
4x higher
lymph
transports proteins and large particles. also checks for infection. has valves. contain WBC’s so swollen when sick. also absorbs fat.
blood serum
plasma - clotting factors
blood plasma
made up of immunoglobulins, albumin, clotting stuff
blood contains
RBC. WBC, plateleyys
rbc
bind o2, and convert co2 to h2co3. kidney secretes erythropoietin to stimulate bone marrow production
- get energy from glycolysis only. have spectra to resist shearing
wbc
large and digest foreign stuff and organisms
- have organelles
platelets/ thrombocytes
- stick to damaged skin and attract more. convert fibrinogen to fibrin
- can produce prostaglandins
blood clotting process
platelets plug hole, release thromboplastin clotting factor which converts prothrombin to active thrombin. that converts fibrinogen into fibrin that form a clot
heart attack vs stroke
weird thrombus forming and stroke if it causes death of nervous tissue
fetal circulation
blood from placenta goes to baby via umbilical chord then to ductus venous (blood bypasses liver) to heart. then ductus arterioles which bypasses pulmonary circulation then entires the left atria directly from right atria via foramen ovale.
cardiac output
*stroke volume is just volume leaving ventricles
volume leaving ventricles each minute
rh factor
blood antigen that kills baby in 2nd pregnancy
** this is when blood type doesn’t match!
phosphate buffer
maintains pH of INTERNAL cells. bicarbonate is EXTRACELL
hemorrhage
causes reduced BP so increase cardiac output
blood brain barrier
blockade of cells that slows stuff from getting into CNS
LAB RAT
Left atrium is bicuspid valve
Right atrium is tricuspid
thoracic duct and right lympathic duct empty into
left and right subclavian veins
thymus and bone marrow are the primary ___
lyphoid organs that replenish immune cells
thymus houses
t cells
bone marrow makes
b cells
peripheral lymphoid tissues
TALAPS
tonsils, adenoids, lymph nodes, appendix, peyters patches and spleen
blood is what tissue
connective tissue
if blood cell supply is low… bone?
yellow bone changes to red bone marrow!
ductus venosus
allows blood in bb to bypass liver
ductus arteriosus
bypasses the lungs/ fetal pulmonary circulation
foramen ovale
allows blood to bypass pulmonary circulation by entering left atria directly from right to skip gas exchange
cardiac output
stroke volume X Heart rate
** volume discharged by ventricles per MIN
stroke volume
end diastolic volume - end systolic
blood pressure
cardiac output per minute times systemic vascular resistance
double capillary beds
hepatic portal system, and hypophyseal portal system
** allows blood to pool into portal vein, then into vein that returns blood to heart w/;o directly going to heart. this allows it to transport products in high cxn to certain part
hepatic portal system
intestine stuff via hepatic portal vein
** capillary bed allows liver to screen blood
hypophyseal portal system
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland capillary bed
