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MED 104- MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY > 7. HEARING > Flashcards

7. HEARING Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. What is sound?
    (in physics terms)
A
  • a vibration that typically propagates as an audible wave of pressure
  • this happens through a transmission medium
    (such as: a gas, liquid or solid)
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2
Q
  1. What happens when we talk?
A
  • our vocal folds vibrate
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3
Q
  1. What happens when we slap the top of a table or play guitar, what happens?
A
  • the air particles vibrate
  • this initiates sound waves
  • these carry vibrations through the air
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4
Q
  1. What do sounds generated from different mediums lead to?
A
  • they lead to different sounds
  • this is because different vibrating objects produce differently shaped sound waves
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5
Q
  1. What is a sound frequency?
A
  • it is the number of waves that pass a certain point at a given time
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6
Q
  1. What is a high-pitched noise a result of?
A
  • shorter waves that are moving in and out more quickly
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7
Q
  1. What is a lower pitch a result of?
A
  • slower fluctuations
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8
Q
  1. What does the loudness of a sound depend on?
A
  • it depends on the wave’s amplitude
  • the amplitude is the difference between the high and the low pressures created in the air
  • they are created in the air by sound waves
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9
Q
  1. What is sound in the terms of human psychology and physiology?
A
  • it is the reception of sound waves
  • and the perception of these by the brain
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10
Q
  1. Between which frequencies can human beings hear?
A
  • between 20 Hz and 20 kHz
  • everything under 20 Hz is infrasound
  • everything over 20 kHz is ultrasound
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11
Q
  1. What is the unit of measurement for the intensity of sound?
A
  • decibels (dB)
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12
Q
  1. How does the decibel scale work?
A
  • it is logarithmic
  • an increase of 10 decibels means that the sound is ten times louder
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13
Q
  1. Sound above what decibel can cause hearing loss?
A
  • any sound above 85dB
  • hearing loss is related to both power of sound
    AND length of exposure
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14
Q
  1. Sounds above which decibel cause immediate damage and actual pain?
A
  • sounds above 140 dB
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15
Q
  1. What are the three parts that make up the human ear?
A
  • outer ear
  • middle ear
  • inner ear
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16
Q
  1. What does the outer ear consist of?
A
  • the pinna
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17
Q
  1. What is the function of the pinna?
A
  • it protects the delicate inner parts of the ear
  • it protects the external auditory meatus
    (this is the air canal that collects sounds and directs it
    towards the ear drum)
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18
Q
  1. How is the shape of the pinna beneficial?
A
  • it helps it to detect where sounds are coming from in the
    vertical plane
  • this helps to identify whether sounds are coming from above or below the ear
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19
Q
  1. What is the middle ear?
A
  • it is an air filled cavity
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20
Q
  1. Where is the middle ear located?
A
  • it is located in the temporal area of the skull
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21
Q
  1. What does the middle ear consist of?
A
  • the ear drum
  • the tympanic membrane
  • the ossicles
  • the eustachian tube
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22
Q
  1. What shape is the tympanic membrane?
A
  • it is concave
23
Q
  1. What is the tympanic membrane?
A
  • it is an area between 60mm-90mm
  • it has an average thickness of a 700s of a millimetre
  • it has a very rich blood supply
24
Q
  1. What do the sound waves do to the tympanic membrane when they enter the ear canal?
A
  • they strike the tympanic membrane
  • they set it into motion
25
Q
  1. What determines how much the tympanic membrane will move?
A
  • the loudness of the sound
  • the louder the sound
  • the more the tympanic membrane moves
26
Q
  1. What does the middle ear contain with regards to bone structure?
A
  • it contains three small bones
  • these are known as the ossicles
  • they are connected in a chain across the middle ear
  • they are connected from the tympanic membrane to the entrance of the cochlea
27
Q
  1. What is the biological term for the entrance of the cochlea?
A
  • the oval window
28
Q
  1. What are the names of the ossicles?
A
  • the malleus (hammer)
    (the largest)
  • the incus (anvil)
    (the second largest)
  • the stapes (stirrup)
    (the smallest)
29
Q
  1. What does the tympanic membrane do in response to the sound?
A
  • it vibrates
30
Q
  1. What happens in response to the vibration of the tympanic membrane?
A
  • the ear drum moves the malleus
  • this then moves the incus
  • the stapes is then finally moved
  • this then moves the foot plate in and out of the oval window
31
Q
  1. What is the result of the foot plate moving in and out of the oval window?
A
  • there is an energy transfer
  • this energy is transferred to the endolymph fluid in the cochlea
32
Q
  1. What are the two distinct portions of the inner ear?
A
  • the vestibular portion
  • the auditory portion
    (the cochlea)
33
Q
  1. What is the focus of the vestibular portion?
A
  • it is concerned with balance
34
Q
  1. What is the function of the auditory portion?
A
  • it is concerned with hearing
35
Q
  1. What is the vestibular portion of the inner ear made up of?
A
  • it is made up of three semicircular canals
36
Q
  1. What does each semicircular canal consist of?
A
  • it has a swelling on the one end
  • it has two membranous sacks
37
Q
  1. What is the biological name of the following:

37.1: the swelling of the semicircular canal
37.2: the two membranous sacks of the semicircular canal

A

37.1: the ampulla

37.2: the utricle
: the saccule

38
Q
  1. What do the utricle, the saccule and the ampulla all contain?
    What is the function of these components?
A
  • they contain fluid
  • they contain sensory cells
  • they move in response to the head movement
  • they travel to indicate the body’s status
39
Q
  1. With which organ and cells does the vestibular system work in conjunction (in connection) with?

What does the result in?

A
  • the eyes
  • the receptor cells in the joints of the body
  • this continuously maintains our balance
40
Q
  1. What physical form does the cochlea appear in?
A
  • it appears as a coiled tube
  • it is in the shape of a snail shell
41
Q
  1. What is the cochlea wrapped around?
A
  • it is wrapped around the acoustic portion of the auditory nerve
42
Q
  1. What is the cochlea split into?
A
  • three distinct sections
43
Q
  1. Name the three distinct sections that the cochlea is split into?
A
  • the scala vestibuli
  • the scala media
  • the scala tympani
44
Q
  1. What type of fluid do the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani contain?
A
  • perilymph fluid
45
Q
  1. What type of fluid does the scala media contain?
A
  • endolymph fluid
46
Q
  1. What separates the scala vestibuli from the scala media?
A
  • the Reissner’s Membrane
47
Q
  1. What separates the scala media from the scala tympani?
A
  • the Basilar Membrane
48
Q
  1. What can be found along the basilar membrane?
A
  • two types of sensory cells/hair cells
49
Q
  1. What are the two types of sensory/hair cells called?
A
  • outer hair cells
  • inner hair cells
50
Q
  1. How are these sensory/hair cells arranged along the basilar membrane?
A
  • they are arranged in rows
  • this is done according to their frequency
    OR the pitch of sound they detect
51
Q
  1. What does each hair cell have?
    What are these called?
A
  • it has tiny hair like projections attached to it
  • these are called stereocilia
52
Q
  1. What happens when sound energy is transferred to the cochlea?
A
  • the basilar membrane vibrates up and down
  • this causes the outer hair cells stereocilia to sheer
    (SHEER: swerve, change course)
  • they sheer on the tectorial membrane above them
53
Q
  1. What does the sheering action result in?
A
  • it results in the stereocilia bending
  • this opens the ion gates
  • this leads to chemical changes
  • it results in the electrical charge inside the cells
54
Q
  1. What do the electrical charges inside the cell do?
A
  • they make neural impulses
  • these travel along the auditory nerve to the brain
  • this is interpreted as sound

MED 104- MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY (29 decks)

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