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MED 104- MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY > 13. MEMORY > Flashcards

13. MEMORY Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is memory?
    Provide a vague definition.
A
  • it is the learning we retain over a long period of time
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2
Q
  1. Provide a scientific definition for human memory.
A
  • it is an Information Processing System
  • it works constructively to encode, store and retrieve information
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3
Q
  1. What are the three key Memory Processes?
A
  1. Encoding
  2. Storage
  3. Retrieval
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4
Q
  1. What is Forgetting a result of?
A
  • it can result from a failure of any of the three stages
    (Encoding, Storage, Retrieval)
  • it is not an issue with the whole memory process itself
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5
Q
  1. With regards to comparing your memory to a computer (the Computer Paradigm), what is Encoding?
A
  • this is the same as typing data into a computer system
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6
Q
  1. With regards to comparing your memory to a computer (the Computer Paradigm), what is Storage?
A
  • it is the same as the data that has been stored in a hard disc or on a flash drive
  • this is the second step
  • you now have information stored for later
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7
Q
  1. With regards to comparing your memory to a computer (the Computer Paradigm), what is Retrieval?
A
  • it is the third step
  • this is when the information that is already in storage is needed
  • and one has to bring it back for usage
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8
Q
  1. What are the three major stages of Memory?
A
  1. Sensory Memory
  2. Short Term Memory
    (Working Memory)
  3. Long-Term Memory
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9
Q
  1. What areas do the three stages of memory differ in?
A
  1. Capacity
  2. Duration
  3. Function
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10
Q
  1. What is Capacity?
A
  • it refers to how much information can be stored
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11
Q
  1. What is Duration?
A
  • it refers to how long the information can be stored for
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12
Q
  1. What is Function?
A
  • it refers to what is done with the stored information
  • it refers to what is done with the capacity and the function
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13
Q
  1. What is Sensory Input?
A
  • it is everything we:
    - see
    - hear
    - taste
    - smell
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14
Q
  1. What happens to the Sensory Input?
A
  • it is encoded
  • it is changed into a format that the brain can interpret
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15
Q
  1. Where does all the sensory input go into?
A
  • all the sensory input goes into our sensory memory
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16
Q
  1. What does our Sensory Memory collect?
    What does it do with this?
A
  • it collects everything from all our sense
  • it processes all this information very quickly and briefly
  • the information stays in our Sensory Memory for 2 seconds
    (unless we give this information attention)
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17
Q
  1. What is the Function of Sensory Memory?
A
  • it holds the information long enough to be processed
    for basic physical characteristics
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18
Q
  1. What is the Capacity of the Sensory Memory?
A
  • it is large
  • it can hold many items at once
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19
Q
  1. What is the Duration of the Sensory Memory?
A
  • it has a very brief retention of images
  • it is about 250 milli seconds for visual information
  • it is 3 seconds for auditory information
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20
Q
  1. How does Sensory Memory form?
A
  • it forms automatically
  • it does not need attention or interpretation to form
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21
Q
  1. What is needed to transfer Sensory Memory to Working Memory?
A
  • attention
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22
Q
  1. What are the two types of Sensory Memory?
    (that are converted into Working Memory)
A
  • Iconic Memory
  • Echoic Memory
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23
Q
  1. What is Iconic Memory?
A
  • it is used for visual information
  • it holds information for 250 milli seconds
  • it relates to nerve impulses sent from the eye
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24
Q
  1. What is Echoic Memory?
A
  • it is used for auditory information
  • it holds information for 3 seconds
  • it relates to nerve impulses sent from the ear
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25
Q
  1. What exists for each sense?
A
  • a separate register
  • memory images take the form of nerve impulses at this stage
26
Q
  1. Which Memory Register exists for Touch?
A
  • Tactile Memory
27
Q
  1. Which Memory Register exists for Smell?
A
  • Olfactory Memory
28
Q
  1. Which Memory Register exists for Taste?
A
  • Gustatory Memory
29
Q
  1. Where will information go once it has been given Attention?
A
  • it will go to Short-Term Memory
30
Q
  1. What is capacity does Short Term memory have?
A
  • it has 7 +/- 2 pieces of information
31
Q
  1. How long can pieces of information be stored in Short Term Memory?
A
  • they can be stored for 20 seconds before they decay
32
Q
  1. What is necessary to keep the information in the short-term memory?
    What is this process called?
A
  • we must repeat and practice this information
  • this is known as Rehearsal or Maintenance Rehearsal
33
Q
  1. What is another term for Short Term Memory?
A
  • Working Memory
34
Q
  1. What are the three components of Short Term Memory (Working Memory)?
A
  1. Central Executive
  2. Phonological Loop
  3. Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
35
Q
  1. What is Central Executive?
A
  • this resembles attention
36
Q
  1. What is the Phonological Loop?
A
  • it holds the information in a speech-based form
37
Q
  1. What is the Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad?
A
  • it is specialised for holding visual and spatial information
38
Q
  1. What is the function of Short Term Memory (Working Memory)?
A
  • it is responsible for the Conscious Processing of information
  • it is where information is actively worked on
39
Q
  1. What is the code for Short Term Memory?
A
  • it is often based on sound or speech
  • it even has visual inputs
40
Q
  1. What happens if maintenance rehearsal cannot be used?
A
  • the memory decays quickly
41
Q
  1. What is one method to improve your Short Term Memory (Working Memory)?
42
Q
  1. What is Chunking?
A
  • it is grouping small bits of information into larger units of information
  • it expands the Working Memory Load
43
Q
  1. What happens to the information in the Short Term Memory (Working Memory) that is rehearsed?
A
  • the information will enter the long-term memory
44
Q
  1. What can be said about the Capacity of the Long Term Memory?
A
  • it has an unlimited capacity
45
Q
  1. What can be said about the Duration of the Long Term Memory?
A
  • it has an unlimited duration
  • some psychologists think it to be permanent
46
Q
  1. What percentage of information that reaches the Short-Term memory goes into the Long-Term memory?
A
  • around 25%
47
Q
  1. What happens when we need to remember something from the long-term memory?
A
  • we must retrieve it
  • bring it back into the short-term memory
  • this is where it can be outputted from
48
Q
  1. When can information be encoded into long term memory?
A
  • after it passes from sensory information to working memory
49
Q
  1. What is the function of Long Term Memory?
A
  • it organises and stores information
  • it is a more passive form of storage than working memory
50
Q
  1. What is the Encoding process?
A
  • it is the process that controls the movement from Short Term Memory (Working Memory)

TO

Long Term Memory Storage
(this is the process of getting the information in)

51
Q
  1. What is the process of Retrieval?
A
  • the process that controls the flow of information from the Long Term memory

TO

the Short Term Memory (Working Memory)
(this is the process of getting information out)

52
Q
  1. What is the Primacy-Recency Effect?
    (the Serial Position Effect)
A
  • when presented with a lot of information in Serial
    Order:
    - we remember more from the beginning
    and from the end of the list
            - this is at the expense of the Intermediate 
          Items
53
Q
  1. Finish the sentence:
    In general, meaning is ___________ rather than being
    an exact representation
54
Q
  1. What is the process of storing information into long-term memory known as?
A
  • Consolidation
55
Q
  1. What does Consolidation involve?
A
  • it involves a structural change
  • the pattern of neural pathways are changed
  • it requires Metabolic Activity for minutes/hours after the stimulus has been presented
56
Q
  1. What is Long Term Potentiation?
A
  • it is the strengthening of synapses
  • it is the cellular foundation for memory
57
Q
  1. Which condition is the introduction of Long Term Potentiation into treatment useful for?
58
Q
  1. Why is Short Term Memory (Working Memory) prone to interference?
A
  • traces of information will only remain in Short Term memory (Working Memory) with repeated rehearsal
  • the information has to be attended to
  • this can be prone to interference
59
Q
  1. What are two types of Interference in Memory Recall (Working Memory)?
A

-Retroactive Interference

  • Proactive Interference
60
Q
  1. What is Retroactive Interference?
    Provide examples.
A
  • the new information interferes with the retention of old information in the Short Term Memory
    (Working Memory)
  • EG: trying to remember your old phone number after using a new phone for several months
  • EG: finding it difficult to revert back to using manual gears after driving an automatic car for a prolonged period of time
61
Q
  1. What is Proactive Interference?
    Provide examples.
A
  • the old information interferes with the recall of new information
  • EG: giving your old phone number to someone instead of your new one
  • EG: attempting to change gears while driving your new automatic car

MED 104- MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY (29 decks)

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