15. APPLICATIONS OF MEMORY TO MEDICAL SETTINGS Flashcards
1
Q
- What is the function of Procedural and Declarative Memory?
A
- Dissociating Function
2
Q
- What is a disorder of Procedural and Declarative Memory?
A
- Temporal Lobe Amnesia
(such as Korsakoffs)
3
Q
- What are the effects of Temporal Lobe Amnesia?
A
- EFFECTS ON PROCEDURAL MEMORY:
- patients are able to learn new skills
- EFFECTS ON DECLARATIVE MEMORY:
- patients are unable to learn new facts
EG: a patient may show improved performance on a simple task over time
BUT: they will show no recognition or memory of ever having performed the task before
4
Q
- What is the function of Semantic and Episodic Memory?
A
- Dissociating Function
5
Q
- Damage to which brain regions will result in issues with Semantic and Episodic Memory?
A
- the left frontal-parietal lobe
- the right parietal-occipital lobe
6
Q
- What is an effect of damage to Semantic and Episodic Memory?
A
- EFFECTS ON EPISODIC MEMORY:
- the patient can no longer retrieve any personal
memory from their past
- cannot acquire autobiographical knowledge - EFFECTS ON SEMANTIC MEMORY:
- the patient still has general knowledge
- the patient can acquire new semantic knowledge
7
Q
- What is Recognition?
A
- it is sensing that a stimulus has been previously encountered
- this brings about a sense of familiarity
- it is generally easier than Recall
- this is because the information is contained in the cue/prompt
- Recognition can be direct
- as a result of a set stimuli
- Recognition can be indirect
- as a result of a mental search of the Long Term Memory store
8
Q
- What is Recall?
A
- it is the Reconstruction of a stimulus
- it uses the information available from the cue
- it also uses information from the Long Term Memory store
- it is checked by the process of Recognition
- it has a greater cognitive demand than Recognition
- Recall can be direct
- as a result of the cue/prompt
- Recall can e indirect
- it can arise after problem-solving strategies have been employed
9
Q
- Is memory entirely stable?
A
- no
- therefore, recall and recognition can be inaccurate
10
Q
- What is the main cause of Forgetting?
A
- issues within the Working Memory
- issues within the Long Term Memory
11
Q
- What are two factors that lead to Forgetting information?
A
- Passage of time
- Interference
12
Q
- What is the Passage of Time (with regards to Forgetting)?
A
- it is the rapid decay of information from the Working Memory
- it is the death of cells
- this leads to the loss of Long Term Memory
- this can be accelerated by mental conditions
(such as dementia)
13
Q
- What is Interference?
A
- it is the interference to the storage in the Working Memory
- this can be either Retroactive Interference
or Proactive Interference - the connections are re-molded over time in the Long Term Memory
- this is influenced by the presence of Proactive and Retroactive interference of information
14
Q
- What are the five factors that can bring about Amnesia?
A
- Damage
- Chronic Alcohol Abuse
- Disease
- Reversible Brain Diseases
- Psychogenic Memory Loss
15
Q
- What are examples of Damage (in terms of Amnesia)?
A
- head injury
- stroke
16
Q
- What are examples of Chronic Alcohol Abuse (in terms of Amnesia)?
A
- Korsakoff’s Syndrome
- this is a lack of Thiamine (Vitamin B1) in the brain
- it affects the storage and retrieval processes of the brain
17
Q
- What are examples of Disease (in terms of Amnesia)?
A
- Alzheimer’s Disease
- this is the extensive damage to the cortex
- it leads to progressive deterioration as a result of some impaired memory skills
(such as issues with the Episodic Memory) - it is a more general cognitive impairment
18
Q
- What are examples of Reversible Brain Disease (in terms of Amnesia)?
A
- Tumours
- Hydrocephalus
- Subdural Haematoma
- Deficiencies in B1, B6 and B12
- Endocrine Disease
- Syphilis
19
Q
- What are examples of Psychogenic Memory Loss (in terms of Amnesia)?
A
- Abuse
- War
20
Q
- What are the two types of Amnesia?
A
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Retrograde Amnesia
21
Q
- What is Anterograde Amnesia?
A
- it is the inability to store new information
22
Q
- What is Retrograde Amnesia?
A
- it is the inability to recall information prior to the trauma
- this is often caused by a closed head injury
- this kind of amnesia can last a relatively short duration
23
Q
- What are 4 factors that affect/aid a patient’s memory for information/medical information?
A
- Higher IQ
(using your own memory to make sense of topics that you do not understand that well) - Greater medical/technical information
- Higher anxiety levels
(leads to improved memory)
(reduces the capacity to solve problems effectively)
(improves memory and reduces flexibility) - Age
24
Q
- When are patients more likely to remember information with regards to consultations?
A
- at the start of the consultation
- at the end of the consultation
- this is the primacy and recency effect
25
Q
- Which kind of statements will patients be more likely to remember?
A
- statements perceived as important
26
Q
- What amount of information are patients more likely to remember?
A
- when the total amount of information provided is less
- when short words and sentences are used to convey the information
27
Q
- What kind of material are patients more likely to remember: organised or unorganised?
A
- organised information
- information that has been grouped into categories
28
Q
- What material are patiently more likely to remember in terms of repetition?
A
- material that has been repeated
29
Q
- What kind of information are patients likely to remember with regards to instructions?
A
- patients are likely to remember instructions that are explicit and concrete
- the use of practical examples also increases memory
30
Q
- What has been shown to lead to good Long Term Memory Retention?
A
- recalling the information immediately after is has been stored
31
Q
- When is information likely to be best remembered?
A
- when it has been interpreted according to one’s own schema
SCHEMA= a pattern of though that is unique to the
individual
= they form their own relationship between the
information given
