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MED 104- MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY > 11. PERCEPTION > Flashcards

11. PERCEPTION Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. What is Perception?
A
  • it is a process
  • this process allows us to give meaning to the information provided by our senses
  • this is what allows us to experience the world around us
  • it is what makes life understandable
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2
Q
  1. Provide a concise definition for Perception.
A
  • it is our most prominent action control device
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3
Q
  1. Which organ does all the work of Perception?
A
  • the brain
  • what we see is the realm of the mind
    NOT the eye
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4
Q
  1. Which structures of the human body feeds raw data to the brain?
A
  • eyes
  • ears
  • all other senses
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5
Q
  1. What is an illusion?
A
  • it is the effect of misinterpreting data
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6
Q
  1. What are the three types of illusion?
A
  1. Geometric Illusion
  2. Ambiguous Figures
  3. Fictitious Percepts
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7
Q
  1. What is Geometric Illusion?
A
  • this is when the image displayed appears distorted
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8
Q
  1. How is this an example of a Geometric Illusion?
A
  • this is the Ponzo Illusion
  • the top line looks longer than the bottom line
  • EVEN THOUGH they are the exact same length
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9
Q
  1. What is Ambiguous Figures?
A
  • this is when an image can be seen in more than one way
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10
Q
  1. What is an example of Ambiguous figures?
A
  • the Necker Cube
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11
Q
  1. What allows us to either see a duck or a bunny?
A
  • both images can be seen
  • THE FIRST PERCEPTION OF THE IMAGE:
    • is related to whichever cue the brain hears first
    • or whichever image is more familiar to the brain
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12
Q
  1. What set theory is Expectations a part of?
A
  • Perpetual Set Theory
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13
Q
  1. What does Perpetual Set Theory teach us?
A
  • believing is a result of:
    - seeing the image
    - seeing the context in which the image is presented
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14
Q
  1. What is any decision about what we see influenced by?
A
  • cultural normalities and beliefs
  • culture plays an important role in perception
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15
Q
  1. What is Fictitious?
A
  • it is seeing something which is not actually there
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16
Q
  1. What is an example of Fictitious?
A
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17
Q
  1. What are Visual Constancies?
A
  • they allow us to see things as remaining the same
  • even though their physical characteristics are constantly changing
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18
Q
  1. What is Shape Consistency?
A
  • the ability to perceive the shape of an object as constant
  • even if it appears to change through movement
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19
Q
  1. What is an example of Visual/Shape consistency?
A
  • an open door
  • it is still rectangular in shape
  • even though it is distorted through perspective to colour constancy
  • based on where we view it from
20
Q
  1. What is Colour Constancy?
A
  • the ability to perceive the colour of an object as constant
  • even if it appears to change with changes in lighting
21
Q
  1. What are 6 factors that affect our perceptual sense?
A
  1. context
  2. explanations
  3. culture
  4. previous experience
  5. emotions
  6. motivations
22
Q
  1. What does an individual’s perceptual set lead to?
A
  • reasonable conclusions
  • HOWEVER, they can be misleading
23
Q
  1. What are the 4 Gestalt Rules?
A
  1. Grouping
  2. Similarity
  3. Continuity
  4. Connectedness
24
Q
  1. What is Form Perception?
A
  • it is a figure-ground relationship
  • it is how we organise and simplify whatever scene we are looking at
  • we simplify and organise it into the main objects or figures
  • and into the surroundings or ground that they stand against

(SIMILAR PRINCIPLES APPLY TO NON-VISUAL FIELDS AS WELL: the cocktail party effect)

25
Q
  1. What are the Gestalt rules?
A
  • it is how our mind deals with all of the stimuli that we are bombarded with
  • it transforms it into something coherent by following these rules
26
Q
  1. What is Grouping?
A
  • Perceptual grouping occurs when we are perceptually putting parts together into a whole.
  • You may see columns composed of dots
  • However, there are only dots
  • the columnar structure is just in your mind
  • The human brain groups the dots together to perceive a coherent whole
    (the columns in this case)
27
Q
  1. What is Similarity?
A
  • it is a principle that states that things which share visual characteristics
  • will be seen as belonging together
  • EXAMPLES OF VISUAL CHARACTERISTICS ARE:
    - shape
    - size
    - colour
    - texture
    - value
    - orientation
28
Q
  1. What is Continuity?
A
  • the tendency of people to organise visual elements into unified wholes
29
Q
  1. What is Connectedness?
A
  • connectedness is when we see connections in disjointed objects
30
Q
  1. What is Depth Perception?
A
  • the ability that our eyes and brain have
  • it adds a third dimension or depth to everything we see
31
Q
  1. What allows our eyes and brain to experience Depth Perception?
A
  • depth cues
32
Q
  1. What are the five Depth Cues?
A
  1. Linear Perspective
  2. Two heights in a plane
  3. Relative Size
  4. Superimposition/Overlap
  5. Texture Gradients
33
Q
  1. What is Linear Perspective?
A
  • the parallel lines appear to converge
  • they come together at a distant point
34
Q
  1. What is two height in a plane?
A
  • if an image is higher to the eye
  • then it is often seen as being further away than objects that are in the lower part of the plane
35
Q
  1. What is Relative Size?
A
  • when we expect things to be the same size
  • and they are not
  • then we interpret this as meaning that they are further away
36
Q
  1. What is Superimposition/Overlap?
A
  • this is when we cannot see the whole of an object
  • so we assume that there is something in front of it
  • this allows us to interpret it as further away
37
Q
  1. What does the Constructivist Theory state?
A
  • we construct our perception of the world based on:
    - what we see in front of us
    - our past experiences
38
Q
  1. What does the Constructivist Theory support?
A
  • the idea of top-down processing
39
Q
  1. What is Top-Down processing?
A
  • perception mainly has to do with what we expect to see
40
Q
  1. What is the Perpetual Set?
A
  • the notion of perceiving something based on expectation
41
Q
  1. Present two examples that demonstrate the perpetual set in processing.
A
  1. Expectations
  2. Motivations
42
Q
  1. What is an example of Expectations?
A
  • reading jumbled up words
43
Q
  1. What is an example of Motivations?
A
  • the TV example
  • this form of perception extends down into the preconscious processing of stimuli in the visual environment
  • it guides what the visual system presents to conscious awareness
44
Q
  1. What are the main criticisms of the Constructivist Theory?
A

If perception is based on personal experiences:
- why do we perceive things the same way?

If perception requires experience:
- how do we explain a new born baby’s ability to
perceive the world

The effect of illusions goes against the Constructivist Theory:
- if we use our experiences to build perception
- why do we fall for the same illusions over and over
again

45
Q
  1. What is the Nativists Theory?
A
  • it states that perception is a result of Bottom-Up processing
  • this means that perception is immediate
  • this means that perception can also be direct
  • we perceive the world as it is seen in front of us
  • it is not based on expectations or misinterpretation
  • the role of the mind is simply to analyse the information coming in through our eyes
46
Q
  1. What is an example of the Nativists Theory?
A

If you are looking at a tennis court:
- you know where the ball or the player is
immediately by looking at them

- this explains how we perceive what's going on 
  around us so quickly 
- this explains why we see things in the same way
47
Q
  1. Why do we all perceive things in a similar way?
A
  • we have all evolved the same

MED 104- MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY (29 decks)

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