17. LANGUAGE

Question 1

1. What is fundamental to the creation of communities?

Answer 1

• language
• the ability to communicate becomes essential when
  people live in groups

Question 2

2. What are the 5 components of language?

Answer 2

1. Phonology
2. Morphology
3. Semantics
4. Syntax
5. Pragmatics

Question 3

3. What does Phonology refer to?

Answer 3

• it refers to the actual sound of language

Question 4

4. What must Children learn to produce and recognise with regards to Phonology?

Answer 4

• they must learn to recognise the sounds of language
• they must separate these sounds of language from environmental noises
  (as well as from other human created sounds)
• they must also learn the subtle differences between speech sounds
  (which sounds represent a change in meaning and which do not)

Question 5

5. What does Morphology refer to?

Answer 5

• the structure of words

Question 6

6. What are many words composed of?

Answer 6

• multiple building blocks
• these are called morphemes
• each of these connotes a particular meaning

Question 7

7. What are the three morphemes of the word “REDESIGNED”?

Answer 7

• RE = indicating to do again
• DESIGN = the verb root
• ED = indicating an action in the past

Question 8

8. What does Semantics refer to?

Answer 8

• the association of meaning with a word

Question 9

9. What must a child learn with regards to Semantics?

Answer 9

• they must learn that combinations of phonemes
  represent certain physical objects, events or entire
  categories

Question 10

10. What is Syntax?

Answer 10

• how words are put together to form sentences

Question 11

11. What must children distinguish between in terms of Syntax?

Answer 11

• they must be able to determine between the meanings
  of sentences

Question 12

12. What does Pragmatics refer to?

Answer 12

• it refers to how language is dependent on:
  - context
  - pre-existing knowledge
• the manner in which we speak may differ depending
  on:
  - the audience
  - our relationship to the audience

Question 13

13. In order to effectively interact with society, what must a child learn to do?

Answer 13

• communicate through language
  (this can be either oral or signed)

Question 14

14. What is an important precursor for language?

Answer 14

• bubbling
• children (even deaf children) begin to bubble during
  their first year

Question 15

15. When does Bubbling reach its highest frequency for hearing children?

Answer 15

• during the 9 - 12 months mark

Question 16

16. What can be said about the Bubbling of deaf children?

Answer 16

• it stops quiet soon after it begins

Question 17

17. AT THE AGE OF 12-18 MONTHS:
    How many words per month do children add to their
    vocabulary?

Answer 17

• they add one word per month

Question 18

18. AT THE AGE OF 18 MONTHS:
    How many words per month do children add to
    their vocabulary?

Answer 18

• dozens of words
• there is an explosion of language

Question 19

19. AT THE AGE OF 18-20 MONTHS:
    What do children start to do with language?

Answer 19

• they combine words
• they form basic sentences

Question 20

20. AT THE AGE OF 2 TO 3 YEARS:
    What do children do with language?

Answer 20

• they start to speak in longer sentences
• their vocabulary grows exponentially
• grammatical errors increase
• the child internalises the complex rules of grammar

Question 21

21. What is Observational and Operant Conditioning?

Answer 21

• these theories explain learning
• they explain the meanings of words
• they do not explain complex grammar

Question 22

22. What is Nativism?

Answer 22

• an innate predisposition towards language
• there is a critical learning period between the age of 2 to puberty
  (later training is then largely ineffective)

Question 23

23. What does Chomsky’s Theory of Language Acquisition Devise (LAD) support?

Answer 23

• animal studies
• it believes that there is no brain region in which the Language Acquisition Devise is located

Question 24

24. What is Interactionism?

Answer 24

• it is the theory of nature vs nurture

Question 25

25. What is the Whorfian Hypothesis?

Answer 25

• it is the influence of language on cognition
• it is how language affects our thinking

Question 26

26. What are the focuses of Vygotsky’s Theory of Social Development?

Answer 26

• the role of social interaction in cognitive development
• the role of culture
• the role of language in learning

Question 27

27. What is the Theory of Mind?

Answer 27

• there is a difficulty of children to understand that others might have different knowledge than their own
• this should be taken into consideration when dealing with young children

Question 28

28. What does a child’s understanding of illness vary according to?

Answer 28

• it varies according to:
  - age
  - stage of development

Question 29

29. What is Phenomenism?

Answer 29

• this is experienced by a child between the ages of 2 - 4
• they believe that a particular object appears to cause illness

Question 30

30. What is Contagion?

Answer 30

• this is experienced by a child between the ages of 4 - 7
• they believe that illness is caused by proximity to ill
  people or objects

Question 31

31. What is Contamination?

Answer 31

• this is experienced by a child between the ages of 7 - 9
• they believe that illness is caused by physical contact with ill people
• they believe that illness may be seen as a form of punishment

Question 32

32. What is Internalisation?

Answer 32

• this is experienced by a child between the ages of 9-11
• they believe that illness is located within the body
• they believe it may be caused by external factors
  (eg: the cold)

Question 33

33. What is Physiological Understanding?

Answer 33

-this is experienced by a child between the ages of 11-16

• they believe that illness is caused by a malfunction of the organs or the organ systems
• this may be due to infections

Question 34

33. What is Psychophysiological Understanding?

Answer 34

-this is experienced by a child between the ages of 16 +

• they believe that psychological factors may affects physiological processes
  (such as stress and fatigue)