17. LANGUAGE Flashcards
1
Q
- What is fundamental to the creation of communities?
A
- language
- the ability to communicate becomes essential when
people live in groups
2
Q
- What are the 5 components of language?
A
- Phonology
- Morphology
- Semantics
- Syntax
- Pragmatics
3
Q
- What does Phonology refer to?
A
- it refers to the actual sound of language
4
Q
- What must Children learn to produce and recognise with regards to Phonology?
A
- they must learn to recognise the sounds of language
- they must separate these sounds of language from environmental noises
(as well as from other human created sounds) - they must also learn the subtle differences between speech sounds
(which sounds represent a change in meaning and which do not)
5
Q
- What does Morphology refer to?
A
- the structure of words
6
Q
- What are many words composed of?
A
- multiple building blocks
- these are called morphemes
- each of these connotes a particular meaning
7
Q
- What are the three morphemes of the word “REDESIGNED”?
A
- RE = indicating to do again
- DESIGN = the verb root
- ED = indicating an action in the past
8
Q
- What does Semantics refer to?
A
- the association of meaning with a word
9
Q
- What must a child learn with regards to Semantics?
A
- they must learn that combinations of phonemes
represent certain physical objects, events or entire
categories
10
Q
- What is Syntax?
A
- how words are put together to form sentences
11
Q
- What must children distinguish between in terms of Syntax?
A
- they must be able to determine between the meanings
of sentences
12
Q
- What does Pragmatics refer to?
A
- it refers to how language is dependent on:
- context
- pre-existing knowledge - the manner in which we speak may differ depending
on:
- the audience
- our relationship to the audience
13
Q
- In order to effectively interact with society, what must a child learn to do?
A
- communicate through language
(this can be either oral or signed)
14
Q
- What is an important precursor for language?
A
- bubbling
- children (even deaf children) begin to bubble during
their first year
15
Q
- When does Bubbling reach its highest frequency for hearing children?
A
- during the 9 - 12 months mark
16
Q
- What can be said about the Bubbling of deaf children?
A
- it stops quiet soon after it begins
17
Q
- AT THE AGE OF 12-18 MONTHS:
How many words per month do children add to their
vocabulary?
A
- they add one word per month
18
Q
- AT THE AGE OF 18 MONTHS:
How many words per month do children add to
their vocabulary?
A
- dozens of words
- there is an explosion of language
19
Q
- AT THE AGE OF 18-20 MONTHS:
What do children start to do with language?
A
- they combine words
- they form basic sentences
20
Q
- AT THE AGE OF 2 TO 3 YEARS:
What do children do with language?
A
- they start to speak in longer sentences
- their vocabulary grows exponentially
- grammatical errors increase
- the child internalises the complex rules of grammar
21
Q
- What is Observational and Operant Conditioning?
A
- these theories explain learning
- they explain the meanings of words
- they do not explain complex grammar
22
Q
- What is Nativism?
A
- an innate predisposition towards language
- there is a critical learning period between the age of 2 to puberty
(later training is then largely ineffective)
23
Q
- What does Chomsky’s Theory of Language Acquisition Devise (LAD) support?
A
- animal studies
- it believes that there is no brain region in which the Language Acquisition Devise is located
24
Q
- What is Interactionism?
A
- it is the theory of nature vs nurture
25
Q
- What is the Whorfian Hypothesis?
A
- it is the influence of language on cognition
- it is how language affects our thinking
26
Q
- What are the focuses of Vygotsky’s Theory of Social Development?
A
- the role of social interaction in cognitive development
- the role of culture
- the role of language in learning
27
Q
- What is the Theory of Mind?
A
- there is a difficulty of children to understand that others might have different knowledge than their own
- this should be taken into consideration when dealing with young children
28
Q
- What does a child’s understanding of illness vary according to?
A
- it varies according to:
- age
- stage of development
29
Q
- What is Phenomenism?
A
- this is experienced by a child between the ages of 2 - 4
- they believe that a particular object appears to cause illness
30
Q
- What is Contagion?
A
- this is experienced by a child between the ages of 4 - 7
- they believe that illness is caused by proximity to ill
people or objects
31
Q
- What is Contamination?
A
- this is experienced by a child between the ages of 7 - 9
- they believe that illness is caused by physical contact with ill people
- they believe that illness may be seen as a form of punishment
32
Q
- What is Internalisation?
A
- this is experienced by a child between the ages of 9-11
- they believe that illness is located within the body
- they believe it may be caused by external factors
(eg: the cold)
33
Q
- What is Physiological Understanding?
A
-this is experienced by a child between the ages of 11-16
- they believe that illness is caused by a malfunction of the organs or the organ systems
- this may be due to infections
34
Q
- What is Psychophysiological Understanding?
A
-this is experienced by a child between the ages of 16 +
- they believe that psychological factors may affects physiological processes
(such as stress and fatigue)
