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MED 104- MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY > 4. BRAIN MECHANISMS AND BEHAVIOUR (PART 1) > Flashcards

4. BRAIN MECHANISMS AND BEHAVIOUR (PART 1) Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What are other terms for the word Biological psychology?
A
  • Physiological Psychology
  • Behavioural NeuroScience
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2
Q
  1. What is Biological Psychology?
A
  • it is the study of the physiological bases of behaviour
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3
Q
  1. What is Biological Psychology mainly concerned with?
A
  • it is concerned primarily with the relationship between psychological processes
  • and the underlying physiological events
  • they are concerned with the Mind- Body phenomenon
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4
Q
  1. What is Aristotle’s version of the mind body phenomenon?
A
  • he believed that the two existed as aspects of the same entity
  • the mind is merely one of the body’s functions
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5
Q
  1. What did René Descartes believe in, with regards to the mind-body theory?
A
  • he believed that both the mind and the soul are spiritual entities existing separately from the mechanical operations of the human body
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6
Q
  1. What does the Psychological parallelism theory of Gottfried Willheim Leibinz (a German philosopher state)?
A
  • it states that the mind and the body are separate
  • but that their activities are directly parallel to one another
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7
Q
  1. What does John B Watson (an American behaviouralist and psychologist) focus on, with regards to the mind- body theory?
A
  • he focused on the observable human and animal behaviours
  • as well as their relationship to the nervous system
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8
Q
  1. What two systems is the Nervous system split into?
A
  1. The Central Nervous System (CNS)
  2. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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9
Q
  1. Which two regions of the body make up the CNS?
A
  1. the brain
  2. the spinal cord
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10
Q
  1. Which two divisions make up the PNS?
A
  1. the sensory division
  2. the motor division
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11
Q
  1. Which two nervous systems make up the Motor Division?
A
  1. the autonomic nervous system
  2. the somatic nervous system
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12
Q
  1. Which two divisions make up the Autonomic Nervous system?
A
  1. the Sympathetic division
  2. the Parasympathetic division
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13
Q
  1. What is the top part of the brain called?
A
  • the Cerebrum
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14
Q
  1. What is the biggest part of the brain?
A
  • the Cerebrum
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15
Q
  1. How many parts is the Cerebrum divided into?
    What are they called?
A
  • the Cerebrum is divided into a left and a right half
  • they are called the Cerebral Hemispheres:
    - the right cerebral hemisphere
    - the left cerebral hemisphere
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16
Q
  1. What are the brain structures sometimes referred to?
A
  • they are sometime referred to by the names of the structure that they develop from
  • in the embryo
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17
Q
  1. What is the first part of the developing brain of the embryo called?
A
  • it is called the Prosencephalon
  • this is also known as the Fore Brain
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18
Q
  1. What is the part behind the fore brain called ?
    (with regards to its embryonic developmental name)
A
  • the Mesencephalon
  • this is also known as the Mid Brain
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19
Q
  1. What is the part behind the Mid Brain called?
    (with regards to its embryonic developmental name)
A
  • the Rhombencephalon
  • this is also known as the Hind Brain
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20
Q
  1. What does the Prosencephalon (fore brain) go on to become?
A
  • the Cerebrum
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21
Q
  1. What does the Mesencephalon (Mid Brain) go on to become?
A
  • the Mid Brain
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22
Q
  1. What does the Rhombencephalon (Hind Brain) go on to become?
A
  • it becomes the rest of the brain
  • this includes the:
    - pons
    - medulla
    - cerebellum
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23
Q
  1. Provide the name for label 1.
    Provide its sub divisions and what they go on to become.
A

NAME:
the Prosencephalon (the forebrain)

SUB DIVISIONS:
- the Telencephalon
- the Diencephalon

TELENCEPHALON GOES ON TO BECOME:
- the cerebrum
- the cerebral hemispheres

DIENCEPHALON FOES ON TO BECOME:
- the thalamus
- the epithalamus
- the hypothalamus

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24
Q
  1. Provide the name for label 2.
    Provide its sub divisions and what they go on to become.
A

NAME:
the Mesencephalon (the mid brain)

SUB DIVISIONS:
- the Mesencephalon

MESENCEPHALON GOES ON TO BECOME:
- the corpora quadrigemina
- the tegmentum
- the cerebral peduncles

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25
25. Provide the name for label 3. Provide its sub divisions and what they go on to become.
NAME: the Rhombencephalon (the hind brain) SUB DIVISIONS: - the Metencephalon - the Myelenphalon METENCEPHALON GOES ON TO BECOME: - the pons - the cerebellum MYELENCEPHALON GOES ON TO BECOME: - the medulla oblongata
26
26. Provide the name for label 4. Provide its sub divisions and what they go on to become.
NAME: the Spinal Cord
27
27. Which parts make up most of the Nervous System?
- the Brain
28
28. What makes up the PNS?
- all the parts of the Nervous system that do not include the brain and the spinal cord
29
29. How did the CNS get its name?
- it is called this because it is in the Centre of the body
30
30. How did the PNS get its name?
- it is in the Periphery - this means it goes all over the rest of the body
31
31. What distinguishes a neuron from other cells?
- its shape
32
32. What can be seen coming out of the central body of the neuron?
- a number of small fibres - these are called dendrites
33
33. What is the end of every branching of the neural axon called?
- the terminal button - this is also called the pre-synaptic end
34
34. What is the terminal button/pre-synaptic end?
- the region of the neural axon that releases chemical substances - these substances travel through the synapsis
35
35. Provide the names/phrases for labels 1-7 in the diagram.
1. this is where the neuron receives information from other neurons - it consolidates this information 2. Dendrite 3. Soma 4. Axon 5. Terminal Button 6. Synapse 7. this is where the neuron sends the information it received to other neurons
36
36. What are the Action Potentials?
- they are the messages that are sent through the axon FROM the body TO the terminal buttons
37
37. What two types of structures does the PNS consist of?
1. Nerves 2. Ganglion
38
38. What is a nerve?
- it is an enclosed (cable-like) bundle of axons
39
39. What is the function of a nerve?
- it provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses - these nerve impulses are transmitted along each of the axons to the peripheral organs in the PNS
40
40. What is a ganglion?
- the ganglia (plural) are lumps - they are attached to the nerves - they contain the somas of some of the neurons in the PNS
41
41. What do some of the axons travelling through the nerves carry?
- they carry information to the CNS from the periphery
42
42. What are Afferent Neurons?
- they are the neurons that carry information in to the Central Nervous System
43
43. What are Efferent Neurons?
- they are neurons whose axons carry information away from the Central Nervous System
44
44. Name the four types of Neurons?
1. Unipolar (also known as pseudounipolar) 2. Bipolar 3. Multipolar 4. Anaxonic
45
45. What are Unipolar/Pseudounipolar cells?
- they are dendrites and axons that emerge from the same process
46
46. What are Bipolar cells?
- they are axons and single dendrites - they are on opposite ends of the soma
47
47. What are Multipolar cells?
- they are two or more dendrites - they are separate from the axon
48
48. What are Anaxonic cells?
- they are regions where the axons cannot be distinguished from the dendrites
49
49. Provide labels for: (a) (b) (c)
(a) Multipolar neuron (b) Bipolar Neuron (c) Unipolar Neuron
50
50. What did researchers originally think that the purpose of the Neuroglia was?
- to glue neurons together - yλia (means glue in Greek)
51
51. What are Neuroglia?
- they are the non-neuronal cells - they are found in the central and the peripheral nervous system
52
52. What is the role of the Neuroglia?
- they maintain homeostasis - they form myelin - they provide support and protection for neurons in the CNS and the PNS
53
53. Which glial cells are found in the CNS?
- the oligodendrocytes - the astrocytes - the ependymal cells - the microglia
54
54. Which glial cells are found in the PNS?
- the Schwann cells - the Satellite Cells
55
55. What are Astrocytes? What is their function.
- Astrocytes are also called astroglia - they have numerous projections - these link neurons to their blood supply WHILE forming the blood-brain barrier - they regulate the external chemical environment of neurons
56
56. What are Oligodendrocytes? What are their functions?
- these are the so called Myelin Sheath - the myelin sheath provides insulation to the axon - this allows electrical energy to propagate more efficiently
57
57. What are Ependymal cells? What is their function?
- they are involved in the creation and the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
58
58. What are Schwann Cells? What is their function?
- they provide myelination to the axons in the peripheral nervous system - they have phagocytic activity PHAGOCYTES: immune cells that play a critical role in both the early and late stages of immune responses - they have clear debris that allows for the regrowth of PNS neurons
59
59. What are Satellite Cells?
- they help to regulate the external chemical environment
60
60. What is the size difference between Neuroglial cells and neurons?
- neuroglial cells are 10 X smaller than neurons
61
61. What is the difference in the number of neuroglial cells and the number of neurons in the human brain?
- there are 10x more neuroglial cells than neurons in the human brain THEREFORE, based on the size and the quantity of the two: the glial cells and the neurons occupy the same space/volume as neurons
62
62. What cannot be replaced in most areas of the brains of vertebrate organisms?
- the cells
63
63. Which cells in the brain of vertebrate organisms can be replaced?
- Olfactory (smell) cells - neuroglial cells
64
64. What did Paul Ehlrich discover more than 100 years ago?
- he discovered that if blue dye is injected into an animal's blood stream: - all the tissue will be tinted blue - except the brain and the spinal tissue
65
65. What happens if the same blue dye is injected into the fluid filled ventricles of the brain?
- the blue colour will spread throughout the CNS - the tissue in the brain and the spinal cord will both be tinted blue
66
66. What is the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)?
- the barrier that exists between the blood and the fluid that surrounds the cells of the brain
67
67. Why is the Blood Brain Barrier said to be selectively permeable?
- it allows certain substances to cross - and does not allow others to do the same
68
68. Why can there be a delay that prevents the motor neuron from firing?
- there are action potentials in the axon of the sensory neuron - they are activating the excitatory (act on action potential) interneuron - however, there are action potentials in the axons descending from the brain - these activate an inhibitory (stops the action) interneuron - this prevents the motor neuron from firing an action
69
69. Why are humans rarely at rest?
- they are bombarded by stimuli that are causing action potentials
70
70. How many nerves are travelling from different parts of our body to our brain?
- billions - they interact with each other - they pass on the message to the brain
71
71. What is the primary means of communication between neurons?
- Synaptic Transmission
72
72. What is Synaptic Transmission?
- it is the transmission of messages from one neuron to another - this happens through the synapse - these messages are carried by neurotransmitters - they are released by the terminal buttons - these terminals diffuse across the fluid filled gap - this gap is between the terminal buttons AND the membrane of the neurons with which they form synapses
73
73. How can synapses be considered junctions?
- they are junctions between the terminal buttons - these terminal buttons are found at: - the ends of the axonal branches of one neuron - and the membrane of another
74
74. Which three places do synapses occur in?
- on dendrites - on the soma - on the other axons
75
75. What are the names of these three different types of synapses? Which one is the most common in the Nervous System?
- Axodendtric - Axosomatic - Axoaxonic - Axodentritic are the most common
76
76. Where can Axodendritic synapses be found?
- the occur on the smooth surface of a dendrite - and the terminal button - they can also occur on dendrite spines
77
77. Where can Axosomatic synapses be found?
- on the somatic membrane
78
78. Where can Axoaxonic synapses be found?
- they consist of synapses between two terminal buttons
79
79. Where is the presynaptic membrane located?
- it is located at the end of the terminal - it faces the postsynaptic membrane - it faces it across the synaptic cleft
80
80. Where is the post synaptic membrane located?
- it is located on the neuron that receives the message - this is called the postsynaptic neuron
81
81. What is the size of the synaptic cleft?
- the gap varies in size - it usually has an average distance of 1nm
82
82. What does the synaptic cleft contain? Why is this important?
- it contains extracellular fluid - this is the fluid through which the transmitter diffuses
83
83. What does the cytoplasm of the terminal buttons contain?
- it contains small synaptic vesicles (these are small rounded objects in the shape of spheres or voids) - they are found in large numbers - they can also be thought of as little bladders
84
84. Where are the synaptic vesicles found?
- they are found around the part of the presynaptic membrane that faces the synaptic cleft - this is next to the release zone - this is where the neurotransmitter is released
85
85. Where are synaptic vesicles produced? Where and how are they carried?
- they are produced in the soma - they are carried by fast axoplasmic transport - they are carried to the terminal buttons

MED 104- MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY (29 decks)

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