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MED 104- MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY > 4. BRAIN MECHANISMS AND BEHAVIOUR (PART 1) > Flashcards

4. BRAIN MECHANISMS AND BEHAVIOUR (PART 1) Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. What are other terms for the word Biological psychology?
A
  • Physiological Psychology
  • Behavioural NeuroScience
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2
Q
  1. What is Biological Psychology?
A
  • it is the study of the physiological bases of behaviour
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3
Q
  1. What is Biological Psychology mainly concerned with?
A
  • it is concerned primarily with the relationship between psychological processes
  • and the underlying physiological events
  • they are concerned with the Mind- Body phenomenon
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4
Q
  1. What is Aristotle’s version of the mind body phenomenon?
A
  • he believed that the two existed as aspects of the same entity
  • the mind is merely one of the body’s functions
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5
Q
  1. What did René Descartes believe in, with regards to the mind-body theory?
A
  • he believed that both the mind and the soul are spiritual entities existing separately from the mechanical operations of the human body
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6
Q
  1. What does the Psychological parallelism theory of Gottfried Willheim Leibinz (a German philosopher state)?
A
  • it states that the mind and the body are separate
  • but that their activities are directly parallel to one another
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7
Q
  1. What does John B Watson (an American behaviouralist and psychologist) focus on, with regards to the mind- body theory?
A
  • he focused on the observable human and animal behaviours
  • as well as their relationship to the nervous system
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8
Q
  1. What two systems is the Nervous system split into?
A
  1. The Central Nervous System (CNS)
  2. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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9
Q
  1. Which two regions of the body make up the CNS?
A
  1. the brain
  2. the spinal cord
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10
Q
  1. Which two divisions make up the PNS?
A
  1. the sensory division
  2. the motor division
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11
Q
  1. Which two nervous systems make up the Motor Division?
A
  1. the autonomic nervous system
  2. the somatic nervous system
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12
Q
  1. Which two divisions make up the Autonomic Nervous system?
A
  1. the Sympathetic division
  2. the Parasympathetic division
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13
Q
  1. What is the top part of the brain called?
A
  • the Cerebrum
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14
Q
  1. What is the biggest part of the brain?
A
  • the Cerebrum
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15
Q
  1. How many parts is the Cerebrum divided into?
    What are they called?
A
  • the Cerebrum is divided into a left and a right half
  • they are called the Cerebral Hemispheres:
    - the right cerebral hemisphere
    - the left cerebral hemisphere
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16
Q
  1. What are the brain structures sometimes referred to?
A
  • they are sometime referred to by the names of the structure that they develop from
  • in the embryo
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17
Q
  1. What is the first part of the developing brain of the embryo called?
A
  • it is called the Prosencephalon
  • this is also known as the Fore Brain
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18
Q
  1. What is the part behind the fore brain called ?
    (with regards to its embryonic developmental name)
A
  • the Mesencephalon
  • this is also known as the Mid Brain
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19
Q
  1. What is the part behind the Mid Brain called?
    (with regards to its embryonic developmental name)
A
  • the Rhombencephalon
  • this is also known as the Hind Brain
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20
Q
  1. What does the Prosencephalon (fore brain) go on to become?
A
  • the Cerebrum
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21
Q
  1. What does the Mesencephalon (Mid Brain) go on to become?
A
  • the Mid Brain
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22
Q
  1. What does the Rhombencephalon (Hind Brain) go on to become?
A
  • it becomes the rest of the brain
  • this includes the:
    - pons
    - medulla
    - cerebellum
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23
Q
  1. Provide the name for label 1.
    Provide its sub divisions and what they go on to become.
A

NAME:
the Prosencephalon (the forebrain)

SUB DIVISIONS:
- the Telencephalon
- the Diencephalon

TELENCEPHALON GOES ON TO BECOME:
- the cerebrum
- the cerebral hemispheres

DIENCEPHALON FOES ON TO BECOME:
- the thalamus
- the epithalamus
- the hypothalamus

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24
Q
  1. Provide the name for label 2.
    Provide its sub divisions and what they go on to become.
A

NAME:
the Mesencephalon (the mid brain)

SUB DIVISIONS:
- the Mesencephalon

MESENCEPHALON GOES ON TO BECOME:
- the corpora quadrigemina
- the tegmentum
- the cerebral peduncles

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25
Q
  1. Provide the name for label 3.
    Provide its sub divisions and what they go on to become.
A

NAME:
the Rhombencephalon (the hind brain)

SUB DIVISIONS:
- the Metencephalon
- the Myelenphalon

METENCEPHALON GOES ON TO BECOME:
- the pons
- the cerebellum

MYELENCEPHALON GOES ON TO BECOME:
- the medulla oblongata

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26
Q
  1. Provide the name for label 4.
    Provide its sub divisions and what they go on to become.
A

NAME:
the Spinal Cord

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27
Q
  1. Which parts make up most of the Nervous System?
A
  • the Brain
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28
Q
  1. What makes up the PNS?
A
  • all the parts of the Nervous system that do not include the brain and the spinal cord
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29
Q
  1. How did the CNS get its name?
A
  • it is called this because it is in the Centre of the body
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30
Q
  1. How did the PNS get its name?
A
  • it is in the Periphery
  • this means it goes all over the rest of the body
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31
Q
  1. What distinguishes a neuron from other cells?
A
  • its shape
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32
Q
  1. What can be seen coming out of the central body of the neuron?
A
  • a number of small fibres
  • these are called dendrites
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33
Q
  1. What is the end of every branching of the neural axon called?
A
  • the terminal button
  • this is also called the pre-synaptic end
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34
Q
  1. What is the terminal button/pre-synaptic end?
A
  • the region of the neural axon that releases chemical substances
  • these substances travel through the synapsis
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35
Q
  1. Provide the names/phrases for labels 1-7 in the diagram.
A
  1. this is where the neuron receives information from other neurons
    - it consolidates this information
  2. Dendrite
  3. Soma
  4. Axon
  5. Terminal Button
  6. Synapse
  7. this is where the neuron sends the information it received to other neurons
36
Q
  1. What are the Action Potentials?
A
  • they are the messages that are sent through the axon
    FROM the body
    TO the terminal buttons
37
Q
  1. What two types of structures does the PNS consist of?
A
  1. Nerves
  2. Ganglion
38
Q
  1. What is a nerve?
A
  • it is an enclosed (cable-like) bundle of axons
39
Q
  1. What is the function of a nerve?
A
  • it provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses
  • these nerve impulses are transmitted along each of the axons to the peripheral organs in the PNS
40
Q
  1. What is a ganglion?
A
  • the ganglia (plural) are lumps
  • they are attached to the nerves
  • they contain the somas of some of the neurons in the PNS
41
Q
  1. What do some of the axons travelling through the nerves carry?
A
  • they carry information to the CNS from the periphery
42
Q
  1. What are Afferent Neurons?
A
  • they are the neurons that carry information in to the Central Nervous System
43
Q
  1. What are Efferent Neurons?
A
  • they are neurons whose axons carry information away from the Central Nervous System
44
Q
  1. Name the four types of Neurons?
A
  1. Unipolar
    (also known as pseudounipolar)
  2. Bipolar
  3. Multipolar
  4. Anaxonic
45
Q
  1. What are Unipolar/Pseudounipolar cells?
A
  • they are dendrites and axons that emerge from the same process
46
Q
  1. What are Bipolar cells?
A
  • they are axons and single dendrites
  • they are on opposite ends of the soma
47
Q
  1. What are Multipolar cells?
A
  • they are two or more dendrites
  • they are separate from the axon
48
Q
  1. What are Anaxonic cells?
A
  • they are regions where the axons cannot be distinguished from the dendrites
49
Q
  1. Provide labels for:
    (a)
    (b)
    (c)
A

(a) Multipolar neuron

(b) Bipolar Neuron

(c) Unipolar Neuron

50
Q
  1. What did researchers originally think that the purpose of the Neuroglia was?
A
  • to glue neurons together
  • yλia (means glue in Greek)
51
Q
  1. What are Neuroglia?
A
  • they are the non-neuronal cells
  • they are found in the central and the peripheral nervous system
52
Q
  1. What is the role of the Neuroglia?
A
  • they maintain homeostasis
  • they form myelin
  • they provide support and protection for neurons in the
    CNS and the PNS
53
Q
  1. Which glial cells are found in the CNS?
A
  • the oligodendrocytes
  • the astrocytes
  • the ependymal cells
  • the microglia
54
Q
  1. Which glial cells are found in the PNS?
A
  • the Schwann cells
  • the Satellite Cells
55
Q
  1. What are Astrocytes?
    What is their function.
A
  • Astrocytes are also called astroglia
  • they have numerous projections
  • these link neurons to their blood supply
    WHILE forming the blood-brain barrier
  • they regulate the external chemical environment of neurons
56
Q
  1. What are Oligodendrocytes?
    What are their functions?
A
  • these are the so called Myelin Sheath
  • the myelin sheath provides insulation to the axon
  • this allows electrical energy to propagate more efficiently
57
Q
  1. What are Ependymal cells?
    What is their function?
A
  • they are involved in the creation and the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
58
Q
  1. What are Schwann Cells?
    What is their function?
A
  • they provide myelination to the axons in the peripheral nervous system
  • they have phagocytic activity
    PHAGOCYTES: immune cells that play a critical role in both the early and late stages of immune responses
  • they have clear debris that allows for the regrowth of PNS neurons
59
Q
  1. What are Satellite Cells?
A
  • they help to regulate the external chemical environment
60
Q
  1. What is the size difference between Neuroglial cells and neurons?
A
  • neuroglial cells are 10 X smaller than neurons
61
Q
  1. What is the difference in the number of neuroglial cells and the number of neurons in the human brain?
A
  • there are 10x more neuroglial cells than neurons in the human brain

THEREFORE, based on the size and the quantity of the two:
the glial cells and the neurons occupy the same space/volume as neurons

62
Q
  1. What cannot be replaced in most areas of the brains of vertebrate organisms?
A
  • the cells
63
Q
  1. Which cells in the brain of vertebrate organisms can be replaced?
A
  • Olfactory (smell) cells
  • neuroglial cells
64
Q
  1. What did Paul Ehlrich discover more than 100 years ago?
A
  • he discovered that if blue dye is injected into an animal’s blood stream:
  • all the tissue will be tinted blue
  • except the brain and the spinal tissue
65
Q
  1. What happens if the same blue dye is injected into the fluid filled ventricles of the brain?
A
  • the blue colour will spread throughout the CNS
  • the tissue in the brain and the spinal cord will both be
    tinted blue
66
Q
  1. What is the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)?
A
  • the barrier that exists between the blood and the fluid that surrounds the cells of the brain
67
Q
  1. Why is the Blood Brain Barrier said to be selectively permeable?
A
  • it allows certain substances to cross
  • and does not allow others to do the same
68
Q
  1. Why can there be a delay that prevents the motor neuron from firing?
A
  • there are action potentials in the axon of the sensory neuron
  • they are activating the excitatory (act on action potential)
    interneuron
  • however, there are action potentials in the axons descending from the brain
  • these activate an inhibitory (stops the action) interneuron
  • this prevents the motor neuron from firing an action
69
Q
  1. Why are humans rarely at rest?
A
  • they are bombarded by stimuli that are causing action potentials
70
Q
  1. How many nerves are travelling from different parts of our body to our brain?
A
  • billions
  • they interact with each other
  • they pass on the message to the brain
71
Q
  1. What is the primary means of communication between neurons?
A
  • Synaptic Transmission
72
Q
  1. What is Synaptic Transmission?
A
  • it is the transmission of messages from one neuron to another
  • this happens through the synapse
  • these messages are carried by neurotransmitters
  • they are released by the terminal buttons
  • these terminals diffuse across the fluid filled gap
  • this gap is between the terminal buttons
    AND the membrane of the neurons with which they form
    synapses
73
Q
  1. How can synapses be considered junctions?
A
  • they are junctions between the terminal buttons
  • these terminal buttons are found at:
    - the ends of the axonal branches of one neuron
    - and the membrane of another
74
Q
  1. Which three places do synapses occur in?
A
  • on dendrites
  • on the soma
  • on the other axons
75
Q
  1. What are the names of these three different types of synapses?
    Which one is the most common in the Nervous System?
A
  • Axodendtric
  • Axosomatic
  • Axoaxonic
  • Axodentritic are the most common
76
Q
  1. Where can Axodendritic synapses be found?
A
  • the occur on the smooth surface of a dendrite
  • and the terminal button
  • they can also occur on dendrite spines
77
Q
  1. Where can Axosomatic synapses be found?
A
  • on the somatic membrane
78
Q
  1. Where can Axoaxonic synapses be found?
A
  • they consist of synapses between two terminal buttons
79
Q
  1. Where is the presynaptic membrane located?
A
  • it is located at the end of the terminal
  • it faces the postsynaptic membrane
  • it faces it across the synaptic cleft
80
Q
  1. Where is the post synaptic membrane located?
A
  • it is located on the neuron that receives the message
  • this is called the postsynaptic neuron
81
Q
  1. What is the size of the synaptic cleft?
A
  • the gap varies in size
  • it usually has an average distance of 1nm
82
Q
  1. What does the synaptic cleft contain?
    Why is this important?
A
  • it contains extracellular fluid
  • this is the fluid through which the transmitter diffuses
83
Q
  1. What does the cytoplasm of the terminal buttons contain?
A
  • it contains small synaptic vesicles

(these are small rounded objects in the shape of spheres or voids)

  • they are found in large numbers
  • they can also be thought of as little bladders
84
Q
  1. Where are the synaptic vesicles found?
A
  • they are found around the part of the presynaptic membrane that faces the synaptic cleft
  • this is next to the release zone
  • this is where the neurotransmitter is released
85
Q
  1. Where are synaptic vesicles produced?
    Where and how are they carried?
A
  • they are produced in the soma
  • they are carried by fast axoplasmic transport
  • they are carried to the terminal buttons

MED 104- MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY (29 decks)

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