4. BRAIN MECHANISMS AND BEHAVIOUR (PART 1) Flashcards
1
Q
- What are other terms for the word Biological psychology?
A
- Physiological Psychology
- Behavioural NeuroScience
2
Q
- What is Biological Psychology?
A
- it is the study of the physiological bases of behaviour
3
Q
- What is Biological Psychology mainly concerned with?
A
- it is concerned primarily with the relationship between psychological processes
- and the underlying physiological events
- they are concerned with the Mind- Body phenomenon
4
Q
- What is Aristotle’s version of the mind body phenomenon?
A
- he believed that the two existed as aspects of the same entity
- the mind is merely one of the body’s functions
5
Q
- What did René Descartes believe in, with regards to the mind-body theory?
A
- he believed that both the mind and the soul are spiritual entities existing separately from the mechanical operations of the human body
6
Q
- What does the Psychological parallelism theory of Gottfried Willheim Leibinz (a German philosopher state)?
A
- it states that the mind and the body are separate
- but that their activities are directly parallel to one another
7
Q
- What does John B Watson (an American behaviouralist and psychologist) focus on, with regards to the mind- body theory?
A
- he focused on the observable human and animal behaviours
- as well as their relationship to the nervous system
8
Q
- What two systems is the Nervous system split into?
A
- The Central Nervous System (CNS)
- The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
9
Q
- Which two regions of the body make up the CNS?
A
- the brain
- the spinal cord
10
Q
- Which two divisions make up the PNS?
A
- the sensory division
- the motor division
11
Q
- Which two nervous systems make up the Motor Division?
A
- the autonomic nervous system
- the somatic nervous system
12
Q
- Which two divisions make up the Autonomic Nervous system?
A
- the Sympathetic division
- the Parasympathetic division
13
Q
- What is the top part of the brain called?
A
- the Cerebrum
14
Q
- What is the biggest part of the brain?
A
- the Cerebrum
15
Q
- How many parts is the Cerebrum divided into?
What are they called?
A
- the Cerebrum is divided into a left and a right half
- they are called the Cerebral Hemispheres:
- the right cerebral hemisphere
- the left cerebral hemisphere
16
Q
- What are the brain structures sometimes referred to?
A
- they are sometime referred to by the names of the structure that they develop from
- in the embryo
17
Q
- What is the first part of the developing brain of the embryo called?
A
- it is called the Prosencephalon
- this is also known as the Fore Brain
18
Q
- What is the part behind the fore brain called ?
(with regards to its embryonic developmental name)
A
- the Mesencephalon
- this is also known as the Mid Brain
19
Q
- What is the part behind the Mid Brain called?
(with regards to its embryonic developmental name)
A
- the Rhombencephalon
- this is also known as the Hind Brain
20
Q
- What does the Prosencephalon (fore brain) go on to become?
A
- the Cerebrum
21
Q
- What does the Mesencephalon (Mid Brain) go on to become?
A
- the Mid Brain
22
Q
- What does the Rhombencephalon (Hind Brain) go on to become?
A
- it becomes the rest of the brain
- this includes the:
- pons
- medulla
- cerebellum
23
Q
- Provide the name for label 1.
Provide its sub divisions and what they go on to become.
A
NAME:
the Prosencephalon (the forebrain)
SUB DIVISIONS:
- the Telencephalon
- the Diencephalon
TELENCEPHALON GOES ON TO BECOME:
- the cerebrum
- the cerebral hemispheres
DIENCEPHALON FOES ON TO BECOME:
- the thalamus
- the epithalamus
- the hypothalamus
24
Q
- Provide the name for label 2.
Provide its sub divisions and what they go on to become.
A
NAME:
the Mesencephalon (the mid brain)
SUB DIVISIONS:
- the Mesencephalon
MESENCEPHALON GOES ON TO BECOME:
- the corpora quadrigemina
- the tegmentum
- the cerebral peduncles
25
Q
- Provide the name for label 3.
Provide its sub divisions and what they go on to become.
A
NAME:
the Rhombencephalon (the hind brain)
SUB DIVISIONS:
- the Metencephalon
- the Myelenphalon
METENCEPHALON GOES ON TO BECOME:
- the pons
- the cerebellum
MYELENCEPHALON GOES ON TO BECOME:
- the medulla oblongata
26
Q
- Provide the name for label 4.
Provide its sub divisions and what they go on to become.
A
NAME:
the Spinal Cord
27
Q
- Which parts make up most of the Nervous System?
A
- the Brain
28
Q
- What makes up the PNS?
A
- all the parts of the Nervous system that do not include the brain and the spinal cord
29
Q
- How did the CNS get its name?
A
- it is called this because it is in the Centre of the body
30
Q
- How did the PNS get its name?
A
- it is in the Periphery
- this means it goes all over the rest of the body
31
Q
- What distinguishes a neuron from other cells?
A
- its shape
32
Q
- What can be seen coming out of the central body of the neuron?
A
- a number of small fibres
- these are called dendrites
33
Q
- What is the end of every branching of the neural axon called?
A
- the terminal button
- this is also called the pre-synaptic end
34
Q
- What is the terminal button/pre-synaptic end?
A
- the region of the neural axon that releases chemical substances
- these substances travel through the synapsis
35
Q
- Provide the names/phrases for labels 1-7 in the diagram.
A
- this is where the neuron receives information from other neurons
- it consolidates this information - Dendrite
- Soma
- Axon
- Terminal Button
- Synapse
- this is where the neuron sends the information it received to other neurons
36
Q
- What are the Action Potentials?
A
- they are the messages that are sent through the axon
FROM the body
TO the terminal buttons
37
Q
- What two types of structures does the PNS consist of?
A
- Nerves
- Ganglion
38
Q
- What is a nerve?
A
- it is an enclosed (cable-like) bundle of axons
39
Q
- What is the function of a nerve?
A
- it provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses
- these nerve impulses are transmitted along each of the axons to the peripheral organs in the PNS
40
Q
- What is a ganglion?
A
- the ganglia (plural) are lumps
- they are attached to the nerves
- they contain the somas of some of the neurons in the PNS
41
Q
- What do some of the axons travelling through the nerves carry?
A
- they carry information to the CNS from the periphery
42
Q
- What are Afferent Neurons?
A
- they are the neurons that carry information in to the Central Nervous System
43
Q
- What are Efferent Neurons?
A
- they are neurons whose axons carry information away from the Central Nervous System
44
Q
- Name the four types of Neurons?
A
- Unipolar
(also known as pseudounipolar) - Bipolar
- Multipolar
- Anaxonic
45
Q
- What are Unipolar/Pseudounipolar cells?
A
- they are dendrites and axons that emerge from the same process
46
Q
- What are Bipolar cells?
A
- they are axons and single dendrites
- they are on opposite ends of the soma
47
Q
- What are Multipolar cells?
A
- they are two or more dendrites
- they are separate from the axon
48
Q
- What are Anaxonic cells?
A
- they are regions where the axons cannot be distinguished from the dendrites
49
Q
- Provide labels for:
(a)
(b)
(c)
A
(a) Multipolar neuron
(b) Bipolar Neuron
(c) Unipolar Neuron
50
Q
- What did researchers originally think that the purpose of the Neuroglia was?
A
- to glue neurons together
- yλia (means glue in Greek)
51
Q
- What are Neuroglia?
A
- they are the non-neuronal cells
- they are found in the central and the peripheral nervous system
52
Q
- What is the role of the Neuroglia?
A
- they maintain homeostasis
- they form myelin
- they provide support and protection for neurons in the
CNS and the PNS
53
Q
- Which glial cells are found in the CNS?
A
- the oligodendrocytes
- the astrocytes
- the ependymal cells
- the microglia
54
Q
- Which glial cells are found in the PNS?
A
- the Schwann cells
- the Satellite Cells
55
Q
- What are Astrocytes?
What is their function.
A
- Astrocytes are also called astroglia
- they have numerous projections
- these link neurons to their blood supply
WHILE forming the blood-brain barrier - they regulate the external chemical environment of neurons
56
Q
- What are Oligodendrocytes?
What are their functions?
A
- these are the so called Myelin Sheath
- the myelin sheath provides insulation to the axon
- this allows electrical energy to propagate more efficiently
57
Q
- What are Ependymal cells?
What is their function?
A
- they are involved in the creation and the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
58
Q
- What are Schwann Cells?
What is their function?
A
- they provide myelination to the axons in the peripheral nervous system
- they have phagocytic activity
PHAGOCYTES: immune cells that play a critical role in both the early and late stages of immune responses - they have clear debris that allows for the regrowth of PNS neurons
59
Q
- What are Satellite Cells?
A
- they help to regulate the external chemical environment
60
Q
- What is the size difference between Neuroglial cells and neurons?
A
- neuroglial cells are 10 X smaller than neurons
61
Q
- What is the difference in the number of neuroglial cells and the number of neurons in the human brain?
A
- there are 10x more neuroglial cells than neurons in the human brain
THEREFORE, based on the size and the quantity of the two:
the glial cells and the neurons occupy the same space/volume as neurons
62
Q
- What cannot be replaced in most areas of the brains of vertebrate organisms?
A
- the cells
63
Q
- Which cells in the brain of vertebrate organisms can be replaced?
A
- Olfactory (smell) cells
- neuroglial cells
64
Q
- What did Paul Ehlrich discover more than 100 years ago?
A
- he discovered that if blue dye is injected into an animal’s blood stream:
- all the tissue will be tinted blue
- except the brain and the spinal tissue
65
Q
- What happens if the same blue dye is injected into the fluid filled ventricles of the brain?
A
- the blue colour will spread throughout the CNS
- the tissue in the brain and the spinal cord will both be
tinted blue
66
Q
- What is the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)?
A
- the barrier that exists between the blood and the fluid that surrounds the cells of the brain
67
Q
- Why is the Blood Brain Barrier said to be selectively permeable?
A
- it allows certain substances to cross
- and does not allow others to do the same
68
Q
- Why can there be a delay that prevents the motor neuron from firing?
A
- there are action potentials in the axon of the sensory neuron
- they are activating the excitatory (act on action potential)
interneuron - however, there are action potentials in the axons descending from the brain
- these activate an inhibitory (stops the action) interneuron
- this prevents the motor neuron from firing an action
69
Q
- Why are humans rarely at rest?
A
- they are bombarded by stimuli that are causing action potentials
70
Q
- How many nerves are travelling from different parts of our body to our brain?
A
- billions
- they interact with each other
- they pass on the message to the brain
71
Q
- What is the primary means of communication between neurons?
A
- Synaptic Transmission
72
Q
- What is Synaptic Transmission?
A
- it is the transmission of messages from one neuron to another
- this happens through the synapse
- these messages are carried by neurotransmitters
- they are released by the terminal buttons
- these terminals diffuse across the fluid filled gap
- this gap is between the terminal buttons
AND the membrane of the neurons with which they form
synapses
73
Q
- How can synapses be considered junctions?
A
- they are junctions between the terminal buttons
- these terminal buttons are found at:
- the ends of the axonal branches of one neuron
- and the membrane of another
74
Q
- Which three places do synapses occur in?
A
- on dendrites
- on the soma
- on the other axons
75
Q
- What are the names of these three different types of synapses?
Which one is the most common in the Nervous System?
A
- Axodendtric
- Axosomatic
- Axoaxonic
- Axodentritic are the most common
76
Q
- Where can Axodendritic synapses be found?
A
- the occur on the smooth surface of a dendrite
- and the terminal button
- they can also occur on dendrite spines
77
Q
- Where can Axosomatic synapses be found?
A
- on the somatic membrane
78
Q
- Where can Axoaxonic synapses be found?
A
- they consist of synapses between two terminal buttons
79
Q
- Where is the presynaptic membrane located?
A
- it is located at the end of the terminal
- it faces the postsynaptic membrane
- it faces it across the synaptic cleft
80
Q
- Where is the post synaptic membrane located?
A
- it is located on the neuron that receives the message
- this is called the postsynaptic neuron
81
Q
- What is the size of the synaptic cleft?
A
- the gap varies in size
- it usually has an average distance of 1nm
82
Q
- What does the synaptic cleft contain?
Why is this important?
A
- it contains extracellular fluid
- this is the fluid through which the transmitter diffuses
83
Q
- What does the cytoplasm of the terminal buttons contain?
A
- it contains small synaptic vesicles
(these are small rounded objects in the shape of spheres or voids)
- they are found in large numbers
- they can also be thought of as little bladders
84
Q
- Where are the synaptic vesicles found?
A
- they are found around the part of the presynaptic membrane that faces the synaptic cleft
- this is next to the release zone
- this is where the neurotransmitter is released
85
Q
- Where are synaptic vesicles produced?
Where and how are they carried?
A
- they are produced in the soma
- they are carried by fast axoplasmic transport
- they are carried to the terminal buttons
