12. ATTENTION

Question 1

1. What is the Response of the Whole Person?

Answer 1

• it is a perceptual experience in response to a stimulus event

Question 2

2. What does your final perception depend on?

Answer 2

• the information provided to stimulate your sensory receptors
• who you are
• whom you are with
• what you expect
• what you want
• what you value

Question 3

3. What is one overall category that Perception is measured within?

Answer 3

• Behavioural Methods

Question 4

4. What are two types of measurements on Behavioural Methods?

Answer 4

1. Qualitative Measurements
2. Quantitative Measurements

Question 5

5. What are Qualitative Measurements?
   Provide an example.

Answer 5

• they are measurements based on what you see or what you feel
• they are important in practice
• as perception is not reliably objective

EG: perceptions of pain will not always make sense
from a medical perspective

 : but self-reports are important for context and 
   understanding

Question 6

6. What are Quantitative Measurements?

Answer 6

• they have absolute thresholds
• this is the minimum intensity that is required for the senses to perceive a stimulation
  ( at least half of the time)

Question 7

7. Are absolute thresholds reliable?

Answer 7

• they are not reliable across individuals
• they are not reliable across situations

Question 8

8. What is Subliminal Priming?

Answer 8

• it involves presenting stimuli at speeds which do NOT allow for the conscious recognition of the target

(this happens at approximately 14 milli seconds)

Question 9

9. What is an affective stimuli?

Answer 9

• a positive or a negative stimuli

Question 10

10. What happens when we are presented with an affective stimuli?

Answer 10

• individuals are able to guess the valence of the negative stimuli
• they do tis much more accurately than the prediction of chance

Question 11

11. What affects the accuracy of Sensorial Perception?

Answer 11

• the degree of interest
• sensorial perception is constantly given other directions
• this is caused by the change of external stimuli
• and by the change of ideas

Question 12

12. Is looking always the same as seeing?

Answer 12

• no

Question 13

13. What is Inattentional Blindness?

Answer 13

• this is the phenomena that allows individuals to not detect foveally presented changes

Question 14

14. What kind of resource is attention?

Answer 14

• it is a limited resource

Question 15

15. What happens when we focus our attention on one stimulus?

Answer 15

• it reduces our capacity to focus on other stimuli

Question 16

16. What is attention distributed towards?

Answer 16

• it is distributed towards “concern-related” cues

Question 17

17. What are three examples of Attentional Biases?

Answer 17

1. Addiction
2. Links with Emotion
3. Motivation

Question 18

18. What is an example of Addiction (in terms of Attentional Biases) ?

Answer 18

• drug and alcohol dependence in individuals
• these individuals are distracted by drug-related stimuli
• they find it hard to ignore and disengage from these stimuli

Question 19

19. What was found to result in a greater risk of relapse at the six month mark of drug addiction treatment?

Answer 19

• an increased attentional bias for alcohol-related cues
• at the entry to the treatment

Question 20

20. What is meant by Attentional Biases that are linked with emotions?

Answer 20

• if the concern-related stimuli activate memories and negative thoughts:
  - this could have negative effects on health
  - it could also have negative effects on health
  behaviour

Question 21

21. What is meant by Attentional Biases that are related to Motivation?

Answer 21

• motivations to attain a certain goal may increase the attendance towards goal-related information
  (EG: a patient searching for cures to their illness)
• it could also lead to individuals not attending fully to information which is seen as undesirable
  (EG: a patient who has been told that finding a cure for their illness is highly unlikely will have harmful effects on the patient)