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POD from G > 6.8 Cestodes - Tapeworms > Flashcards

6.8 Cestodes - Tapeworms Flashcards

1
Q

What are cestodes

A

tapeworms

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2
Q

what is the head of a tapeworm called? what about the chain segments

A

the scolex; the strobia

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3
Q

Cestodes are typically highly host-specific/nonspecific

A

host-specific

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4
Q

what is the effect of cestodes on the intermediate host vs definitive host

A

usually not pathogenic as adults in definitive hosts and do NOT replicate in the definitive host but will cause pathogenesis in the intermediate host

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5
Q

what are the 3 body regions of a tapeworm (cestode)

A
  • scolex (head)
  • neck
  • stroblia (chain of segments)
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6
Q

T/F cestodes are hermaphroditic

A

T

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7
Q

Do cestodes have a digestive tract/mouth? Explain

A

No -> they absorb nutrients from the environment like an inside-out GI tract

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8
Q

what is the purpose of the scolex

A

embeds in the mucosa

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9
Q

what is the morphology of all cestode eggs? how are they laid?

A

hexacanth (meaning 6 hooks); laid fully larvated (infectious), usually shed in feces or shed into the environment within degenerating segments

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10
Q

describe the morphology of the immature stages of cestodes

A

great variety depending on the type of intermediate host infected and the tapeworm group

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11
Q

how many intermediate hosts do most cestodes have

A

usually only one; aquatic host tapeworms may have a second host

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12
Q

what are some different morphological arrangements of immature cestodes?

A
  • cysticercus
  • cysticercoid
  • coenurus
  • hydatid cyst
  • cysticercoid
  • procercoid -> plerocercoid
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13
Q

what are the tapeworms with mammalian IH?

A

Taenia, Echinococcus

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14
Q

what are the tapeworms with arthropodan IH

A

Diphylidium, Monezia, Anoplocephala

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15
Q

what are the tapeworms with Crustacean IH

A

Diphyllobothrium

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16
Q

what type of immature stage exists in the following types of cestodes?

Mammalian IH:
- Taenia
- Echinococcus

Arthropodan IH:
- Diphylidium
- Anoplocephela
- Monezia

Crustacean IH:
- Diphyllobothrium

A

Mammalian IH:
- Taenia: CYSTICERCUS, COENURUS, STROBLIOCERCUS
- Echinococcus: HYDATID CYST

Arthropodan IH: CYSTICERCOID
- Diphylidium
- Anoplocephela
- Monezia

Crustacean IH: PROCERCOID -> PLEROCERCOID
- Diphyllobothrium

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17
Q

what is the only tapeworm with a direct life cycle

A

Hymenolepsis nana

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18
Q

what is the general indirect life cycle of a tapeworm

A

eggs in feces -> hexacanth embryo infects IH -> embryo migrates to site of development and transforms into infective form (ex. cysticercus) -> IH eaten by DH -> scolex of tapeworm attaches to gut and matures

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19
Q

tapeworms are usually named based on their DH or IH?

A

IH

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20
Q

most tapeworms involve what type of relationship between intermediate and definitive hosts

A

predator-prey

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21
Q

For Taenia pisiformis (Rabbit Tapeworm)
- what site do adult tapeworms infect and in what species
- what site do the larvae infect and in what form and in what species

A
  • adults in SI of dogs
  • larvae are cysticercus in rabbits
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22
Q

what is the name of the Rabbit Tapeworm

A

Taenia pisiformis

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23
Q

Describe the morphology of the Taenia pisiformis:
- scolex
- stroblia
- segments
- egg

A
  • scolex has 4 suckers and 2 rows of hooks
  • stroblia shiny, white, tapered, and up to 2 meters
  • single genital pore on each segment
  • radially striated shell (embryophore), found as single eggs
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24
Q

what is the site of development of Taenia pisiformis in the IH and how

A

in the liver or peritoneal cavity; forms a cysticercus (fluid-filled bladder with an invaginated scolex)

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25
describe the Taenia pisiformis life cycle
hexacanth eggs released from segments into the environment and are ingested by rabbits -> hexacanth larva hatches and migrates to the liver or peritoneal cavity where it forms a cysticercus -> dog eats rabbit -> scolex in the cysticercus evaginates, attaches to the gut and starts forming a stroblia
26
what is the PPP for Taenia pisiformis
6-8 weeks
27
what is the pathogenesis of Taenia pisiformis in dogs
non-pathogenic
28
how do we treat Taenia pisiformis in dogs
- prevent hunting to block transmission - specific cestodicides
29
What is the name of the rat tapeworm
Taenia taeniaeformis
30
what are the IH and DH of Taenia taeniaformis
IH: rodents (especially rats and mice) DH: felids
31
what is the morphology of Taenia taeniaformis - adults - immature - eggs
- adults: scolex with 4 suckers and 2 hooks; stroblia up to 60cm long - strobliocercus - eggs are typical taeniid eggs
32
where does Taenia taeniaformis develop in the - IH - DH
IH: liver DH: SI
33
what is the pathogenesis of Taenia taeniaformis in felids
no pathogenesis
34
how do we prevent and treat Taenia taeniaformis
- prevent hunting to block transmission - specific cestodicides
35
what are the IH for Taenia crassiceps? DH?
foxes and groundhogs; dogs (zoonotic in people as well)
36
when would Taenia crassiceps become a zoonotic threat
immunocompromised host
37
what is the immature stage of Taenia crassiceps in the IH
budding cysticercus (tapioca mass)
38
how do we treat Taenia crassiceps
prevent hunting to block transmission; specific cestodicides
39
What is the name of the beef tapeworm
Taenia saginata
40
what is the IH and DH of Taenia saginata
IH: cattle DH: humans
41
what is the immature stage of Taenia saginata in the IH and where
cysticercus in the flesh
42
T/F Bovine cysticercosis (Taenia saginata) is reportable
T
43
what are the IH and DH of Echinococcus granulosus and why do we care
IH: moose (liver) DH: wolf/dog (SI) ZOONOTIC
44
describe the morphology of Echinococcus granulosus: - adults - immatures - eggs
- adults <1cm; stroblia only 3-4 segments; scolex has 4 suckers and 2 rows of hooks - immature stages are hydatid cysts - radially striated taeniid egg
45
what is the pathogenesis of Echinococcus granulosus
hydatid cysts in humans can cause a space-occupying lesion leading to pressure necrosis; rupture causes anaphylactic shock
46
How can you tell apart Taenia from Echinococcus eggs in dog feces
you cannot
47
what are the IH and DH of Echinococcus multilocularis and why do we care
IH: rodents (liver and other organs) DH: fox (SI) Dangerous zoonotic threat!
48
describe the morphology of Echinococcus multilocularis - adults - immatures - eggs
adults: <1cm, only 3-4 segments in stroblia; scolex has 4 suckers and 2 rows of hooks immatures: alveolar hydatid cyst (pieces can break off making it dangerous) eggs: typical taeniid egg
49
T/F we can distinguish Taenia eggs and Echinococcus eggs
F
50
How do we treat zoonotic Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus in humans
surgical removal and treatment with antihelmenthics
51
what are the DH and IH of Diphylidium caninum
DH: dogs, cats, rarely humans IH: fleas
52
describe the appearance of adult Diphylidium caninum
scolex with 4 suckers and multiple rows of hooks; barrel shaped segments with pores on each side; stroblia up to 1/2m long
53
what is the morphology of Diphylidium immature stages and eggs
immature stages: - cysticercoid inside the body cavity of the flea eggs: in packets, each with an unstriated embryophore
54
what is the life cycle of Diphylidium caninum
eggs released into the environment -> liberated eggs ingested by flea larvae -> hexacanth embryo penetrates body cavity of insect forming cysticercoid -> adult flea ingested by dog -> scolex attaches to gut and stroblia matures
55
what is the PPP of Diphylidium caninum
2-3 weeks
56
what is the pathogenesis of Diphylidium in dogs
non-pathogenic
57
how can we prevent and treat Diphylidium
- specific cestodicides - flea control
58
how can you tell apart Taenia segments from Diphylidium segments
have to rehydrate them to see the differences; the eggs are also different
59
what is the IH and DH of Anoplocephela perfoliata
DH: equids IH: free-living mites
60
what is a characteristic feature of Anoplocephela
super short segments; scolex has lappets (bowtie)
61
what is the pathogenesis of Anoplocephela in horses
colic
62
what is the appearance of Anoplocephela eggs in horses
hexacanth embryo within a pyriform apparatus (molar) -> whole egg looks like a chocolate covered cherry with the pit
63
what are the IH and DH of Monezia sp.
IH: free-living mites on pasture DH: ruminants
64
how can we tell apart Monezia eggs from Anoplocephela eggs
species! (Anoplocephela for equids vs Monezia for ruminants)
65
what are the IH and DH of Diphyllobothrium
IH (2): copepod (procercoid); fish (pleurocercoid) DH: fish-eating mammals (zoonotic)
66
what is the morphology of Diphyllobothrium latum: - adults - eggs
adults: stroblia can by many m long; scolex has grooves eggs: operculate; yellow-brown; ciliated hexacanth embryo (coracdium)
67
what is the pathogenesis of Diphyllobothrium latum
usually non-pathogenic but can cause pernicious anemia in predisposed humas

POD from G (46 decks)

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