6.14 Zoonoses (Last One!) Flashcards

1
Q

what percentage of pathogens known to affect humans are zoonotic

A

61%

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2
Q

T/F many zoonotic parasites of companion animals can be controlled effectively

A

T

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3
Q

in what 3 ways can humans act in a parasitic zoonoses

A

1) aberrant (dead-end) host
2) unusual intermediate host
3) unusual definitive host

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4
Q

what are the zoonotic protists

A
  • Toxoplasma gondii
  • Giardia spp.
  • Cryptosporidium spp.
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5
Q

what are the 2 ways humans can become infected with Toxoplasma gondii and what are the consequences

A

1) ingestion of tissue cysts (bradyzoites) in meat -> usually freezing/cooking kills them

2) ingestion of oocysts in the environment -> tissue cysts and reproductive disease

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6
Q

how long does it take unsporulated Toxoplasma gondii to become sporulated in the environment

A

24-48h

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7
Q

what disease does acquired toxoplasmosis cause in people (what are the 4 clinical signs)

A
  • lymphadenopathy
  • myocarditis
  • encephalitis
  • pneumonia
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8
Q

what disease does congenital toxoplasmosis cause in people and why does this happen

A

encephalitis, abortion, stillbirth and neonatal death; when a primary infection occurs during early pregnancy

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9
Q

what are the two instances in which you are going to see pathogenic Toxoplasmosis in people

A
  • naive mother exposed during pregnancy
  • immunocompromised
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10
Q

what are the ways to diagnose giardia in people

A
  • fecal antigen test
  • IFA
  • look for trophozoites in watery diarrhea
  • look for cysts in standard fecal floats
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11
Q

are dog or cat species of Giardia more likely to cause zoonoses in humans? which are more prevalent

A

cat more likely to be zoonotic (in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed); dog only zoonotic in immunosuppressed; dog more prevalent

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12
Q

T/F companion animal strains of Cryptosporidium are only very weakly zoonotic

A

T

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13
Q

what is the concern with Cryptosporidium parvum infection (i.e why is it so bad)

A

thin-walled sporulated oocysts give rise to auto-infection

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14
Q

what are the zoonotic tapeworms

A
  • Taenia
  • Echinococcus
  • Diphylidium caninum
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15
Q

what are the zoonotic Taenia spp.

A

Taenia crassiceps

Taenia multiceps

Taenia serialis

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16
Q

Most common large tapeworms (are/are not) zoonotic; some cause _____________ or ________________

A

are; coenurosis; cysticercosis

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17
Q

what stage of Taenia is zoonotic and what happens in the humans

A

eggs in gravid segments; get coenurosis or budding cysticerci in various tissues

18
Q

Taenia crassiceps causes ______________ in humans and Taenia multiceps causes ______________in humans

A

budding cysticercosis; coenurosis

19
Q

what caused hydatid disease in humans

A

Echinococcus

20
Q

how do we differentiate Taenia and Echinococcus

21
Q

how do we treat hydatid disease

A
  • surgical removal of cysts
  • systemic treatment with anthelmintics
22
Q

how do humans get infected with Diphylidium caninum

A

ingestion of fleas containing cysticercoids -> we get infection with adult worms

23
Q

zoonotic roundworm infections cause ______________ whereas zoonotic hookworm infections cause _______________

A

visceral/ocular larval migrans; cutaneous larval migrans

24
Q

what two roundworms can cause visceral/cuteaneous larval migrans (zoonosis)

A

Toxocara and Baylisascaris

25
what is the characteristic of OLM/VLM
eosinophilia
26
how do we treat OLM and VLM
anti-inflammatory
27
what is the infective stage of Toxocara
L3 larvae (ingested)
28
what disease does Baylisascaris cause
it eats through the brain
29
T/F VLM and OLM is caused by adult roundworms wandering around the body
F; larvae
30
how do humans get cutaneous larval migrans
hookworm (Ancylostoma) larvae penetrate through the skin
31
what is Swimmer's Itch caused by
cercariae of blood flukes of birds
32
how do we treat Swimmers itch
anti-inflammatory
33
how do humans get exposed to Swimmer's Itch
exposure to cercariae in water
34
what instances are humans dead end hosts of zoonotic parasites
- visceral/ocular larval migrans (Toxocara, Baylisascaris) - cutaneous larval migrans (Ancylostoma) - swimmer's itch (Avian trematode cercariae)
35
what instances are humans unusual intermediate hosts of zoonotic parasites
- Toxoplasma gondii - Taenia infections (Coernusus and Cysticercosis) - Echinococcus infections (Hydatid cysts)
36
What is a zoonotic strongylid nematodes?
Ancylostoma spp.
37
what instances are humans unusual definitive hosts of zoonotic parasites
- Dipylidium caninum - Strongyloides stercoralis (companion animal or primates) - Cryptosporidium (non-human isolates) - Giardia (non-human isolates) - Heartworm - Fleas (especially cat fleas)
38
what are the general principles of good diagnostic parasitolody
1) proper specimen collection and preparation 2) good history 3) appropriate test requests 4) timely results 5) promote better treatment
39
what are the limitations of all diagnostic samples
- all have limited sensitivity and specificity - all have limited range of parasites detected - all require appropriate sampling technique
40
What is the general good control method for parasite zoonotic control
* good hygiene * poop and scoop * treat the animal
41
benefits of using fecal examination - formed stool
* cheap and easy * used for coccidia and nematodes * rapid result but need an experienced tech
42
what is the limitation of fecal examination?
* Low sensitivity in all animals * less quantitative than other techniques * requires patent in fection * **does not float cestode or trematode eggs well**