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POD from G > 2.6, 2.7, 2.8 WBC > Flashcards

2.6, 2.7, 2.8 WBC Flashcards

1
Q

what cell appears largest on a slide

A

monocyte

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2
Q

what is the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio in ruminants

A

1:1

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3
Q

how long does it take neutrophils to develop in the bone marrow

A

5-7 days

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4
Q

what is the process of neutropoiesis from stem cells

A

stem cell -> myeloblast -> promyelocyte -> myelocyte -> metamyelocyte -> band neutrophil -> neutrophil

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5
Q

what are the two compartments of neutrophils in the blood

A

circulating neutrophil pool (CNP) and marginating neutrophil pool (MNP)

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6
Q

what is the clinical significance of CNP and MNP

A

when you take a blood sample you do NOT capture the MNP

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7
Q

what is the ratio of MNP:CNP in most species

A

1:1

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8
Q

what is the ratio of MNP:CNP in cats

A

3:1

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9
Q

what is the half-life of neutrophils in blood

A

12-24h

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10
Q

what is neutrophilia

A

increase in circulating mature, segmented neutrophils

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11
Q

what are the five mechanisms of neutrophilia

A

1) physiologic response
2) stress leukogram
3) acute inflammation
4) chronic inflammation
5) necrosis/neoplasia

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12
Q

the epinephrine (physiologic) response is characterized by

A

mild neutrophilia and mild lymphocytosis

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13
Q

what is the mechanism behind the physiologic response

A

marginating neutrophils move into CNP; lymphocytes stay in circulation longer

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14
Q

the physiologic response occurs more often in

A

younger animals

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15
Q

stress leukogram is characterized by

A

mild to moderate neutrophilia, monocytosis, lymphopenia, eosinopenia

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16
Q

what is the mechanism behind a stress leukogram

A

release of bone marrow storage pool of mature neutrophils; longer circulation time; decreased margination; lymphocytes retained in lymph nodes

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17
Q

acute inflammation is characterized by

A

neutrophilia with moderate to marked left shift

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18
Q

what is the mechanism behind acute inflammation

A

depletion of segmented neutrophils and release of younger neutrophils from the bone marrow

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19
Q

chronic inflammation is characterized by

A

marked neutrophilia with variable left shift

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20
Q

what is the mechanism behind chronic inflammation

A

bone marrow has more time to upregulate neutropoiesis

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21
Q

what is tissue necrosis/neoplasia characterized by

A

mild to marked neutrophilia often with a left shift

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22
Q

what is the mechanism behind tissue necrosis/neoplasia

A

release of cytokines that increase production of neutrophils

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23
Q

dogs and cats produce a __________ of neutrophilia in response to inflammation in comparison to horses and ruminants

A

increased magnitude

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24
Q

you can equate a neutrophil count of _____ in a horse or ruminant to a neutrophil count of ______ in a dog or cat

A

30; 100

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25
the degree of neutrophilia correlates with; the degree of left shift correlates with
the intensity of the inflammatory stimulus; acuteness
26
what is a consideration r.e. draining/open vs closed lesions
in open lesions will not see as high of a count
27
what are leukemoid reactions
very intense neutrophilia that resembles a leukemia
28
a patient is treated by ovariohysterectomy for a closed pyometra; the next day, what do you expect to happen to the neutrophil count and why?
expect more severe neutrophilia; the bone marrow would have undergone hyperplasia, so lots of neutrophils will be released, but now they have nowhere to go to, so they stay in the CNP and increase the count
29
what are two broad causes of neutropenia
decreased production of neutrophils; tissue demand of neutrophils exceeds bone marrow storage
30
what causes neutropenia due to increased tissue demand
acute suppurative inflammation
31
what are common signs of neutropenia due to increased tissue demand
toxic changes and left shift
32
what is a regenerative left shift
mature neutrophils > band cells and other immature neutrophils
33
what is a non-regenerative (degenerative) left shift
mature neutrophils < band cells and other immature neutrophils
34
most insults on the bone marrow first manifest with _________, followed by ________ or _____________
neutropenia; anemia; thrombocytopenia
35
what can cause decreased neutrophil production
radiation; cytotoxic drugs; erlichia spp. infection; estrogen toxicity; viral infection; leukemia
36
what are aggregates of rough ER in neutrophils
a toxic change called Dohle bodies
37
what causes increased RNA in neutrophils
a toxic change called cytoplasmic basophilia
38
what causes autophagocytosis in neutrophils
a toxic change called cytoplasmic vacuolation
39
what is a consideration when assessing neutrophils for cytoplasmic vacuolation
EDTA can cause this feature (making it an artifact)
40
what WBC can have a long tissue phase in some disease conditions
eosinophils
41
eosinophil granules contain proteins that are particularly toxic to
complex parasites
42
what cytokine directs eosinophil growth and differentiation in the bone marrow
IL-5
43
how to tell mast cells from basophils
mast cells have a round nucleus
44
what is unique about mast cells
develop in the bone marrow but mature in tissue
45
what two WBCs have similar inflammatory mediators and similar functions
basophils and mast cells
46
what is a clinical scenario when you might expect to see circulating mast cells
mast cell tumor (ex. in boxers)
47
what is the largest WBC on a blood smear
monocytes
48
what is the sequence that monocytes go through to mature? what is an important consideration
monoblast -> promonocyte -> monocyte; way less steps than other WBCs, so they have a short maturation time (2-3 days compared to 5-7 in other WBCs)
49
what WBC has no bone marrow storage pool
monocytes
50
corticosteroids ____________ the amount of circulating monocytes
increase
51
lymphocytes with prominent granules are
T lymphocytes
52
what distinguishes a reactive lymphocyte
bluer cytoplasm and larger
53
what are 6 causes of monocytosis
1) corticosteroid excess 2) recovery from bone marrow suppression 3) fungal infections 4) granulomatous or pyogranulomatous inflammation (chronic inflammation) 5) bacterial infection 6) IMHA
54
name 4 causes of eosinophilia
1) allergies 2) parasitic infections 3) eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy 4) hypereosinophilic syndrome (leukemia and paraneoplastic syndrome from lymphoma and mast cell neoplasia)
55
name 2 causes of basophilia
1) parasitic infections 2) eosinophilic inflammation
56
heartworm, fleas, habronemiasis, strongyle and mast cell tumors cause
basophilia
57
name 5 causes of lymphocytosis
1) epinephrine 2) vaccines 3) chronic infection 4) BLV infection in cattle 5) lymphocytic leukemia
58
what are 4 causes of lymphopenia
1) corticosteroids 2) acute infections (especially viral) 3) loss of lymphocyte-rich fluid 4) immunodeficiency
59
what is the MAIN cause of lymphopenia
corticosteroids
60
what is the difference in cell types for acute vs chronic leukemia
acute: blast cells chronic: usually mature cells
61
what does the BM look like in acute vs chronic leukemia
acute: hyper or hypo cellular chronic: hypercellular
62
what is the maturation like in acute vs chronic leukemia
acute: minimal chronic: maturation present
63
when do you see organomegaly in leukemia
chronic leukemia
64
when do you see dysplasia in leukemia
acute leukemia
65
when do you see cytopenias in leukemia
acute leukemia
66
do diagnose leukemia, what is typically needed
blood smear and bone marrow analysis
67
why do we see anemia, neutropenia and/or thrombocytopenia in patients with leukemia
myelophthisis (crowding out) normal cells in bone marrow
68
lymphoproliferative leukemias are that of which cell types
T or B cells
69
myeloproliferative leukemias are that of which cell types
granulocytes, monocytes, megakaryocytes/platelets, erythrocytes
70
why do we see cytopenias in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome
genetic mutations lead to accelerated proliferation -> improper maturation -> apoptosis -> cytopenias -> further accelerating proliferation (and the cycle continues)
71
up to half of dogs with lymphoma also have what
lymphoma-associated leukemia
72
what is characteristic of lymphoma-associated leukemia
patchy infiltration of bone marrow
73
why might a dog with lymphoma have a non-regenerative anemia
anemia of chronic disease

POD from G (46 decks)

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