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POD from G > 4.6 Toxic Plants > Flashcards

4.6 Toxic Plants Flashcards

1
Q

why are plants toxic (3)

A

1) protect against herbivory
2) reduce palatability
3) toxic effects -> revenge!

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2
Q

compounds derived from what plant are used to treat heart disease

A

foxglove: cardenolides (digoxin, digitoxin)

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3
Q

compounds derived from what plant are used to treat transmissible venereal tumors (TVT)

A

Madagascar or rosy periwinkle: vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine)

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4
Q

the yew plant is unique in that some components are helpful in treating neoplasia whereas other components produce a toxic effect similar to a heart attack

what components of the plant are beneficial?

what components are toxic?

A

beneficial (antineoplastic): fruit
toxic: wood, bark, leaves, seeds

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5
Q

both yew and periwinkle are antineoplastic, how are they different

A

periwinkle: destabilizes microtubules (prevents assembly)
yew: stabilizes microtubules (prevents disassembly)

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6
Q

sudden death occurs in plants containing (3)

A

1) cyanogenic glycosides
2) toxic alkaloids
3) nitrates

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7
Q

what are some sources of cyanogenic glycosides (4)

A
  • sorghum
  • flax
  • sudan grass
  • leaves of wild cherries (chokecherry, pincherry, blackcherry, service berry)
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8
Q

what are two examples of cyanogenic glycosides

A

prunasin, amygdalin

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9
Q

MOA of cyanogenic glycosides

A

cyanide poisoning: binds to cytochrome C oxidase and inhibits the electron transport chain -> decreased ATP production -> cell death

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10
Q

signs of cyanogenic glycoside poisnoning

A

distress, weakness, labored breathing, collapse, convulsions, acute death

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11
Q

how can we diagnose cyanogenic glycoside poisoning

A

cherry red venous blood, plant material in GI

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12
Q

why does cyanogenic glycoside poisoning cause the venous blood to be cherry red

A

it blocks the electron transport chain -> oxygen is not consumed -> oxygen accumulates in blood

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13
Q

cassava is an example of a plant that contains what type of cyanogenic glycoside

A

linamarin

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14
Q

how do we treat cyanogenic glycoside poisoning

A

administer sodium nitrite -> forms met-Hb -> binds HCN -> removes HCN from cytochrome C oxidase -> forms cyanmethemoglobin

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15
Q

what are 3 plants that produce toxic alkaloids

A

water hemlock (poison parsnip), monkshood, larkspur

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16
Q

what is one of the most toxic native plants in north america

A

water hemlock (poison parsnip)

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17
Q

what toxin does water hemlock produce

A

cicutoxin (a neurotoxic alkaloid)

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18
Q

what are 4 types of cardiotoxins

A

1) taxine alkaloids
2) cardiac glycosides
3) grayanotoxins
4) persin

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19
Q

what is an example of a plant that contains taxine alkaloids

A

Japanese yew

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20
Q

MOA of taxine alkaloids

A

depress cardiac conduction by inhibiting Na and Ca channels

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21
Q

signs of taxine alkaloid ingestion

A

trembling, dyspnea, bradycardia, diarrhea, cardiac failure, sudden death

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22
Q

what toxin do cardiac glycosides produce

A

cardenolides

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23
Q

what is the MOA of cardiac glycosides (cardenolides)

A

inhibit membrane Na/K pumps -> increased intracellular Ca -> myocardial contraction

also interferes with cardiac conduction

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24
Q

plants can be toxic to the digestive system and cause what 3 signs

A

excessive salivation (trauma and irritation), vomiting (lactones), diarrhea (lectins, glycoalkaloids)

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25
what is an example of a plant that causes oral irritation (excessive salivation) -> give some specific examples of this family
dieffenbachia (pothos, dumbcane, arrowhead vine)
26
how does dieffenbachia cause oral irritation and excessive salivation
formation of calcium oxalate crystals
27
what is an example of a plant that causes digestive signs via diarrhea by producing lectins -> what are its toxins
castor bean (ricin, ricinin)
28
how do lectins (ex. castor bean) cause diarrhea (MOA)
ricin and ricinin (the toxins produced by castor beans) inhibit ribosomal protein synthesis
29
what are signs of castor bean (lectins - ricin and ricinin) poisnoning
hypovolemic shock, abdominal pain, hemorrhagic diarrhea
30
what are examples of plants that cause primary photosensitization through contact?
poison ivy, giant hogweed
31
what are examples of plants that cause primary photosensitization through ingestion
St. Johns Wort, buckwheat
32
secondary photosensitization of plants that cause direct irritation impacts function of what organ
liver
33
what lesions does St. John's wort create
erythema -> ulcers of lightly pigmented areas
34
what are examples of plant compounds that impact the liver (4)
1) pyrrolizidine alkaloids (ragwort) 2) unknown hepatotoxins (alsike clover) 3) microcystins (blue green algae/cyanobacteria) 4) amatoxins (mushrooms)
35
what is the toxin produced by ragwort and what species are susceptible
pyrrolizidine alkaloids; cows and horses
36
what part of ragwort contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids
above ground parts
37
what are the MAIN clinical signs produced by ragwort in the following cases: - acute - chronic
acute: tachycardia, death chronic: photosensitization -> hepatic injury
38
what are the 4 characteristic lesions in the liver of a cow or horse that ingested ragwort
1) chronic liver disease 2) bile duct proliferation 3) portal fibrosis 4) megalocytosis
39
give an example of a plant that does the following: 1) myelosuppression 2) hemolysis 3) clotting abnormalities
1) bracken fern 2) red maple 3) moldy sweet clover
40
what parts of bracken fern are toxic? is the plant palatable? how does it become injested?
all parts; not palatable; ends up in hay during harvesting
41
what is the main sign of bracken fern toxicosis in horses and in cows and what is the main toxin/reason
horses: bracken staggers (incoordination) - thiaminase (causes thiamine or vitamin B1 deficiency) cows: hematuria - ptaquiloside
42
what are the signs of bracken fern toxicosis in horses
weight loss, depression, weakness, incoordination, wide stance, twitching, arrhythmias, recumbency, convulsions, death
43
what are the signs of bracken fern toxicosis in cows
hematuria, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, fever, anorexia, hemorrhage, melena
44
what lesions does bracken fern cause in horses (2)
epicardial and pericardial hemorrhage
45
what lesions does bracken fern cause in cows
hemorrhage, aplastic BM, abomasal ulcers, papillomas, carcinomas, hemangiomas, hyperplasia, inflammation, bladder lesions
46
the toxin produced by red maple is _________ and its metabolite is _________
gallic acid; pyrogallol
47
what species are susceptible to red maple toxicosis
horses
48
what are signs of red maple toxicosis
cyanosis, icterus, depression, anemia, hemoglobinuria
49
what does red maple cause (MOA)
hemolysis
50
what lesions are produced by red maple
acute hemolytic anemia, methemoglobinuria, Heinz body formation, icterus, periacinar hepatic necrosis, hemoglobinuric nephrosis
51
what are 5 examples of plants containing neurotoxins
1) locoweed 2) crown vetch 3) white snakeroot 4) yellow star thistle 5) russian knapweed
52
what is the neurotoxin produced by russian knapweed called and what species does it impact
repin; horses
53
what are signs of russian knapweed toxication
constant chewing, hypertonicity of facial muscles, paralysis of lips and tongue, hyperemia, depression
54
MOA of repin from russian knapweed
glutathione depletion -> increased ROS -> oxidative damage -> neuron necrosis inhibits dopamine release -> Parkinson's like signs
55
what areas of the brain are most susceptible to repin and what is the consequence
areas of dopamine metabolism -> inhibition of dopamine release -> Parkinson's like signs
56
what specific areas of the brain are affected by repin (russian knapweed)
substantia nigra, globus pallidus (bilaterally affected)
57
what are two examples of nephrotoxins and a plant that contains them
1) oxalates (red-root pigweed, rhubarb) 2) tannins (oak)
58
T/F the toxin of lily is unknown
T
59
what species are susceptible to lily neprhotoxicosis
cats
60
what are signs of lily toxicosis
depression, vomiting, renal failure
61
what does lily do to the kidneys
tubular necrosis
62
what are examples of plants that affect the musculoskeletal system in the following ways: 1) calcinosis (vitamin D analogues) 2) cardiac mm degeneration 3) laminitis 4) selenosis
1) calcinosis: day blooming jessamine 2) cardiac mm degeneration: cottonseed 3) laminitis: black walnut 4) selenosis: milk vetch
63
what are examples of teratogenic plants (impact reproduction) (4)
1) false hellebore 2) milk vetches 3) locoweeds 4) lupines
64
what species are susceptible to false hellbore
sheep only
65
what signs does false hellebore cause in the mother sheep
salivation with frothing, irregular gait, coma, convulsions, fast and irregular heartbeat, short and shallow breathing, vomiting
66
what does false hellebore do to the fetus at the following stages: Day 14 gestation: Day 28-31 gestation:
Day 14: cyclopia, anopthalmia, cleft palate, shortened maxilla Day 28-31: arthrogryposis, shortened long bones

POD from G (46 decks)

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