5.11 Non-Spore Forming Anaerobes and Mycoplasma Flashcards
non-spore forming anaerobes are commonly found in _______ infections with _______________ because:
mixed; facultative aerobes; the aerobes consume the oxygen to create the anaerobic environment for the anaerobes
what is an important diagnostic consideration for the non-spore forming anaerobes
oxygen is toxic so need anaerobic transport systems and anaerobic environment in lab
up to ____% of unselected clinical specimens contain non-spore forming anaerobes
25
are non-spore forming anaerobes relatively fast or slow growing
slow
non-spore forming anaerobes are often ___________ organisms that cause infections through __________________ and the infections are typically what appearance
endogenous; breaks in the mucosal surfaces where the anaerobic flora is present; necrotic and purulent
why do non-spore forming anaerobic infections have a foul smell
volatile fatty acids
what is the appearance of non-spore forming anaerobic colonies
black
why do non-spore forming anaerobic infections typically have multifactorial virulence
because they are mixed infections with synergistic interactions between different agents (ex. growth factors, tissue damage, leukotoxins)
non-spore forming anaerobic infections use innate/acquired immunity
innate (complement, maternal Ab)
name some common infections involving anaerobes in the head and neck (3)
periodontal disease, sinusitis, dental disease
name some common anaerobic infections that cause pleuro-pneumonia (3)
pleural effusion, pleuritis, aspiration pneumonia
name some common infections involving anaerobes in the abdominal cavity (3)
peritonitis, intestinal perforation, navel infection
name some common infections involving anaerobes in the female genital tract (3)
mastitis, metritis, pyometra
name some common infections involving anaerobes in the soft tissue (2)
cellulitis, bite wound
name some common infections involving anaerobes in the skeletal tissue (3)
osteomyelitis, footrot, arthritis
how do you treat non-spore forming anaerobic infections
debridement of necrotic/purulent material, flushing, antibiotics
what antibiotics can be used to treat non-spore forming anaerobic infections (6)
Penicillin G, cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, metronidazole, lincosamides, macrolides
what type of bacteria is fusobacterium necrophorum
gram-negative filamentous rod, anaerobe
where does F. necrophorum live and in what species
large bowel of ruminants and swine
what are the virulence factors for F. necrophorum
leukotoxin and leucocidin
what does Fusobacterium necrophorum cause
- necrobacilosis
- footrot in cattle (contagious necrotizing interdigital dermatitis)
- liver abscesses in feedlot cattle
Footrot in cows is caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum synergy with ________ whereas footrot in sheep is caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum synergy with ________
P. asaccharolytica; D. nodosus
what causes enzootic pneumonia
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
what is the smallest free-living bacteria
Mycoplasma
what do Mycoplasma lack and what is the consequence
cell wall; don’t Gram stain
why are Mycoplasma host-species specific
they have a small genome and thus are dependent on the specific host for nutrients
how is Mycoplasma typically transmitted
close contact (aerosols on short distances)
there are over _____ species of Mycoplasma
100
most Mycoplasma infections are in what location? what are some other locations
respiratory tract; genital tract, conjunctiva, udder, sometimes septicemia
what is the typical Mycoplasma disease, where, and in what type of population
chronic, mild, persistent; respiratory tract infections in intensified livestock
what are some typical Mycoplasma diseases (hint: think of where it likes to live)
pneumonia, genital/UTI, conjunctivitis, mastitis, polyserositis, polyarthritis
T/F Mycoplasma can infect RBCs
T. Called Haemoplasma
how does Mycoplasma evade and multiply
antigenic mimicry by absorbing host cell antigens; antigenic variation on the surface
how does Mycoplasma cause damage
direct damage to the cell surface through peroxidation; complement/antibody lysis; superantigenic immunomodulation
Mycoplasma is grown on ______ media
serum-rich
how do we identify Mycoplasma
PCR, MALDI TOF, sometimes IF
how do we control Mycoplasma
vaccination, eradication, biosecuriry
enzootic pneumonia is acquired from _____ and spread in __________ pigs
sows; weaner-grower
how does M. hyopneumoniae cause enzootic pneumonia and why does it predispose to secondary bacterial infections
attaches to the ciliated epithelium in the bronchi and bronchioles and impairs bacterial clearance
how can we control M. hyopneumoniae
SPF herds, monitoring (slaughter, biosecurity); immunization
what is the cause of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia and why is it important
Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides; reportable
what does mycoplasma bovis cause
bronchopneumonia, mastitis and arthritis
where does M. bovis live
URT, udder, genital tract
