6.10 Nematodes - Strongylids - Hookworms and Lungworms

Question 1

the strongylids group contains what worms (4)

Answer 1

Strongyles, trichostrongyles, hookworms, lungworms

Question 2

most strongyles have how many hosts and what is the exception

Answer 2

1 (exception = lungworms)

Question 3

what is the general size of strongylids compared to other nematodes

Answer 3

smaller nematodes

Question 4

which strongylids are slender and which are more stout-bodied

Answer 4

slender: trichostrongyles, lungworms

stout: strongyles, hookworms

Question 5

what is the morphology of all strongyle eggs

Answer 5

thin-shelled, morulated eggs (GIN eggs, strongyle egg or hookworm egg… all mean the same thing)

Question 6

what is the main form of transmission of Strongylids

Answer 6

oral transmission of L3s; some penetration of skin

Question 7

what is the common hookworm of the canine small intestine

Answer 7

Ancylostoma caninum

Question 8

where is Ancylostoma caninum prevalent and where is it less common

Answer 8

common in south and temperate regions; less common in Ontario

Question 9

what are the morphological features of Ancylostoma caninum

Answer 9

• stout
• bent at buccal cavity
• buccal cavity has 3 large pairs of teeth

Question 10

most Strongylid eggs are thin-shelled and morulated… what does this say about their persistence in the environment

Answer 10

egg hatches in the environment

Question 11

what is the life cycle of Ancylostoma caninum - what type of life cycle is this

Answer 11

DIRECT life cycle

morulated eggs passed in feces -> L1 develop to L3 -> L3 penetrates skin of dogs (or people) -> tracheal migration in young dogs, somatic migration in older dogs, somatic migration can give rise to transmammary infection in lactating dogs

note: ingestion of L3s gives rise to mucosal migration and patent infection

Question 12

T/F paratenic hosts play a minor role in the Ancylostoma life cycle

Answer 12

T

Question 13

what is the PPP for Ancylostoma caninum
1) transmammary
2) other routes

Answer 13

1) transmammary: 2 1/2 weeks
2) other routes: 3-4 weeks

Question 14

what is the pathogenesis of Ancylostoma caninum (6)

Answer 14

• anemia
• hypoproteinemia -> edema
• melena
• emaciation
• enteritis
• death

Question 15

the same anthelmintics used against ascarids are also affective against hookworms with the exception of:

Answer 15

piperazine

Question 16

what is the common hookworm of cats

Answer 16

Ancylostoma tubaeforme

Question 17

what is the morphological appearance of Ancylostoma tubaeforme

Answer 17

similar to A. caninum
- stout-bodies
- bent at buccal cavity
- buccal cavity has 3 rows of teeth
- thin-shelled, morulated egg

Question 18

what is the life cycle of Ancylostoma tubaeforme - what type of life cycle is this

Answer 18

DIRECT life cycle
morulated eggs passed -> L1 develop to L3 -> L3 penetrate skin of cats -> tracheal migration in young, somatic migration in older, somatic migration can give rise to transmammary infection in lactating cats

Question 19

what is the pathogenicity of Ancylostoma tubaeforme

Answer 19

little known but presumed similar to Ancylostoma caninum (enteritis, hypoproteinemia, hemmorhage, edema, melena, emaciation, death)

Question 20

what are good treatments for feline hookworm (Ancylostoma tubaeforme)

Answer 20

pyrantel pamoate-based treatments

Question 21

what is the name of the northern hookworm

Answer 21

Uncinaria stenocephala

Question 22

does Ancylostoma or Uncinaria have a larger GIN egg

Answer 22

Uncinaria

Question 23

what is the life cycle of Uncinaria - what type of life cycle is this

Answer 23

DIRECT life cycle
morulated eggs passed -> L1 develop to L3 -> L3s INGESTED -> mucosal migration

Question 24

what is the PPP of Uncinaria

Answer 24

2 1/2 weeks

Question 25

what is the pathogenesis of Uncinaria stenocephala

Answer 25

much less pathogenic vs Ancylostoma - anemia - hypoproteinemia - enteritis

Question 26

how should you treat a hookworm/roundworm problem in puppies if one is suspected/known

Answer 26

treatment starting at 2 weeks of age and continuing every 2 weeks until 12 weeks of age

Question 27

what are the hookworms

Answer 27

Ancylostoma and Uncinaria

Question 28

what do most lungworms shed - larvae or eggs?

Answer 28

larvae

Question 29

what is the DH and IH of Muellerius

Answer 29

IH: snails, slugs DH: small ruminants (sheep, goats)

Question 30

what is the predilection site of Muellerius

Answer 30

alveoli and terminal bronchioles

Question 31

what is the diagnostic stage for Muellerius

Answer 31

L1 in the feces

Question 32

what is the life cycle of Muellerius - what type of life cycle is this

Answer 32

INDIRECT L1 larvae shed -> L1 develop to L3 -> L3 ingested by IH -> DH ingests IH -> L3 travel to alveoli and terminal bronchioles

Question 33

what is the pathogenesis of Muellerius capillaris

Answer 33

- alveolar rupture - focal interstitial pneumonia - granuloma formation

Question 34

what areas of the lung are mainly affected by Muellerius capillaris

Answer 34

ventral

Question 35

what are treatment options for Muellerius

Answer 35

ivermectin, levamisole (no registered compounds)

Question 36

what is the life cycle of Filaroides and Oslerus? What type of life cycle is this

Answer 36

DIRECT L1 shed into environment -> L1 infective -> tracheal migration -> adults in final site (depends on the species: Oslerus = trachea and bronchi; Filaroides = terminal bronchioles and alveoli)

Question 37

what is the PPP of - filaroides - oslerus

Answer 37

Filaroides: 5 weeks Oslerus: 10 weeks

Question 38

what is the pathogenesis of Filaroides

Answer 38

usually asymptomatic

Question 39

what is the pathogenesis of Oslerus

Answer 39

tracheitis, bronchitis, wheezing cough, dyspnea (from the nodules and released eggs/larvae)

Question 40

how can we diagnose Filaroides and Oslerus infections

Answer 40

Baermann; visualize Oslerus nodules with endoscopy

Question 41

how can we treat Filaroides and Oslerus

Answer 41

remove Oslerus nodules surgically; off-label use of anthelmentics

Question 42

what type of sample is needed to run a Baermann

Answer 42

FRESH, unfixed fecal matter

Question 43

what is the true lungworm of: - dogs - cats - small ruminants

Answer 43

dogs: Oslerus, Filaroides small ruminants: Muellerius cats: Aelurostrongylus

Question 44

what is the predilection site of Aelurostrongylus

Answer 44

terminal bronchioles and alveoli

Question 45

T/F Aelurostrongylus requires an intermediate host

Answer 45

T (snails and slugs)

Question 46

what is the characteristic appearance of Aelurostrongylus

Answer 46

adults have a small bent tail with a dorsal spine

Question 47

what is the life cycle of Aelurostrongylus

Answer 47

larvae passed in feces -> L1 infect snail/slug -> moves up food chain -> ingested by DH -> moves from stomach to predilection site in lungs

Question 48

what is the PPP of Aelurostrongylus

Answer 48

5-6 weeks

Question 49

what is the pathogenesis of Aelurostrongylus

Answer 49

focal granulomatous pneumonia; cough and dyspnea

Question 50

how do we diagnose Aeourostrongylus

Answer 50

Baermann

Question 51

what is the IH and DH of Crenosoma

Answer 51

IH: mollusks DH: dogs, foxes, wolves, racoons

Question 52

what is the predilection site of Crenosoma

Answer 52

terminal bronchioles and alveoli

Question 53

what is the characteristic appearance of Crenosoma

Answer 53

anterior cuticle has folds

Question 54

how do we detect Crenosoma

Answer 54

Baermann

Question 55

what is the life cycle of Crenosoma

Answer 55

larvae passed in feces (L1) -> L1 infect mollusks -> DH ingests IH containing L3 larvae -> migration to predilection site -> adults in bronchi and bronchioles

Question 56

what is the pathogenesis of Crenosoma

Answer 56

focal lesions in lungs; rhinotracheitis, bronchitis, may see nasal discharge