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POD from G > 6.12 - Other Nematodes > Flashcards

6.12 - Other Nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

What group do the following types of worms belong to
- threadworms
- pinworms
- whipworms
- capillarids

A

Threadworms: Rhabditids
Pinworms: Oxyurids
Whipworms: Enoplids
Capillarids: Enoplids

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2
Q

Generally, Rhabditis are __________ (interaction with host and environment)

A

free-living

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3
Q

What size are most Rhabditids

A

some microscopic; very small

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4
Q

What is the most parasitic of the Rhabditids

A

Strongyloides

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5
Q

Strongyloides generally infect what area of the host

A

small intestine, deep within the villi

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6
Q

What is the species of Strongyloides in the following animals:
- People, primates, dogs, cats
- Swine
- Ruminants
- Equids

A

S. stercoralis
S. ransomi
S. papillosus
S. westeri

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7
Q

What is another name for Strongyloides

A

threadworms

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8
Q

which Strongyloides species produces free-living larvae in feces that can be detected with the Baermann technique

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

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9
Q

Describe the morphology of Strongyloides
- adults
- eggs

A
  • adults small and thread-like
  • eggs thin-shelled, oval and contain L1
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10
Q

Describe the roles of male and female worms for free-living and parasitic life cycles of Strongyloides

A

Free-living: occurs with males and females (life cycle maintained in the absence of a host)

Parasitic: only females; females undergo parthogenesis to produce fertile eggs that mature to L1

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11
Q

describe the parasitic life cycle of Strongyloides

A

transmission of L3 larvae can be through penetration, ingestion or transmammary -> if penetration or transmammary there is somatic and tracheal migration but if ingestion there is only mucosal migration -> females undergo parthogenesis to produce fertile eggs -> eggs/L1 shed in feces

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12
Q

what species of worms can cause autoinfection in immunocompromised individuals

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

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13
Q

what is the relative length of Strongyloides PPP

A

short

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14
Q

can you develop immunity to Strongyloides

A

Yes - generally by 6 months

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15
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Strongyloides stercoralis in small animals

A

generally non-pathogenic but can cause a non-bloody enteritis

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16
Q

what is the pathogenesis of Strongyloides westeri in horses

A

inflammation, edema, erosions, enteritis in young animals

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17
Q

what is the pathogenesis of Strongyloides ransomi in swine

A

enteritis, diarrhea, dehydration in neonates

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18
Q

what is another name for Enoplids

A

Trichurids

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19
Q

what groups of worms fall under the Enoplids/Trichurids

A
  • trichuris (whipworms)
  • capillarids
  • trichinella
  • Giant Kidney Worm
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20
Q

what is characteristic of all Enoplids/Trichurids

A

they have an elongate esophagus containing specialized cells cause Stichocytes

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21
Q

T/F there are many different hosts for the Enoplids/Trichurids but each species is host-specific

22
Q

Describe the location in the host for the following Enoplids/Trichurids
- Trichuris
- Capillarids
- Trichinella

A

Trichuris: cecum, colon
Capillarids: intestine, respiratory tract or urinary tract
Trichinella: intestine

Often buried deeply into the epithelium

23
Q

describe the morphology of the Trichurid/Enoplid:
- adults
- eggs
- larvae

A

adults: slender and white
eggs: oval, bipolar plugs
larvae (trichinella): coiled within intestine or muscle cells

24
Q

what is the general life cycle for the Enoplids/Trichurids

A
  • usually oral ingestion of eggs containing mature larvae
  • Trichinella releases larvae that become hypobiotic in the intestine or mm and transmit by scavenging
25
Describe the morphology of Trichuris - adults - eggs
Adults: have a slender anterior end and a thickened posterior end; up to 8 cm Eggs: bipolar plugs that stick out like a football, smooth and oval, single cell
26
Describe the Trichuris life cycle
Usually oral ingestion of eggs containing infective larvae -> brief mucosal migration in SI -> adults formed in the cecum and colon
27
What is special about the Trichuris eggs that influences their survival
environment and frost-resistant
28
what is the pathogenesis of Trichuris
malabsorption and protein loss causes diarrhea; blood-feeding by some adults causes frank red blood in feces
29
why might you see clinical signs of Trichuris without seeing eggs on a fecal float
Trichuris has a brief mucosal migration in the SI before having adults in the colon and cecum that embed in the mucosa and blood feed before having sex - the PPP is long meaning you get the pathogenesis from these adults before they have sex and produce eggs
30
what are the general features of the Capillarids
- host-specific, but some hosts may have multiple species in different predilection sites - some use intermediate hosts - prominent stichocytes
31
how are Capillarids morphologically different from Trichuris and what is the significance
Capillarids are thin throughout their entire length which means that they can completely embed and wander around the mucosa
32
what is the appearance of capillarid eggs
oval and a non-uniform surface and bipolar plugs that are more flush with the edge of the egg like a rugby ball
33
describe the capillarid life cycle
both direct and indirect (with earthworms) -> eggs released into the urine or feces depending on where the predilection site is
34
is the PPP of capillarids long or short
long
35
what is the pathogenesis of capillarids
usually no clinical disease; respiratory infections can cause coughing/wheezing; heavy intestinal infections can rarely cause enteritis, diarrhea, emaciation
36
describe the capillarid species in birds that can do the following: - direct life cycle (2) - earthworm paratenic host (1) - earthworm intermediate host (1)
- capillaria contorta and capillaris obsignata - capillaria contorta - capillaria caudinflata
37
describe the pathogenesis and clinical signs of Capillaria contorta
- wall of crop becomes thickened - weakness and unthriftiness
38
describe the pathogenesis and clinical signs of C. caudinflata and C. obsingnata
edematous intestine, necrosis of mucosa decreased production parameters, reddish diarrhea, emaciation
39
what is the life cycle of Diocytophyme renale (Giant Kidney Worm) - direct or indirect
INDIRECT - uses invertebrate IH and fish as PH
40
what is the appearance of the Giant Kidney Worm
up to 1 cm diameter and 1 m long females; males smaller; usually in the right kidney but can be in the abdominal cavity; bright red
41
describe the giant kidney worm eggs
bipolar plugs and corrugated appearance
42
what is the life cycle of the giant kidney worm
eggs are passed in the urine and mature to contain an infective larvae -> mud worms ingest the eggs -> either ingested by a dog at this stage or works up the food chain to fish which get ingested -> leaves the intestinal tract and matures in the kidney -> eggs passed in urine
43
is the PPP of Diocytophyme renale long or short
long
44
Describe the morphology of male and female adult Trichinella
females small, slender, and contain developing larvae males have two small cloacal flaps on the tail
45
what is the life cycle of Trichinella spiralis
animals ingest larvae within the muscle of prey -> develop to adults -> mate -> females produce larvae -> larvae leave the gut and travel to other tissues
46
what is the pathogenesis/clinical signs of Trichinella spiralis
- gastroenteritis - diarrhea - muscle pain and inflammation
47
what is the treatment for Trichinella
no treatment!
48
most pinworms (oxyurids) are host-specific or nonspecific
specific (and direct lifecycle)
49
what is the pathogenesis of the pinworms
usually non-pathogenic but irritation and pruritis due to oviposition; may see inflammation and ulceration if large amounts
50
what is the appearance of pinworm adults and eggs
adults: long, slender with a skinny tail eggs: oval, operulate, asymmetrical
51
what is the life cycle of pinworms (oxyurids)
oral ingestion of eggs containing mature larvae -> hatch in the intestine -> larvae mature in the large intestine -> females move to the perianal region to lay eggs

POD from G (46 decks)

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