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MED 107- MEDICAL PHYSICS II > 6. X-RAYS > Flashcards

6. X-RAYS Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What does this diagram show?
A
  • it shows the Cross-Sectional View
    of the basic geometry for forming a radiograph
  • it can also form a Diagnostic X-Ray Image
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2
Q
  1. Provide descriptions for the aspects labelled 1 and 2.
A
  1. These are X-Rays
    • some of the X-Rays will be absorbed into the tissue of
      the body
    • this is a result of Photoelectric Absorption
  2. This is the Image Receptor
    • this is where the formation of the image happens
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3
Q
  1. What does this image show?
A
  • this is an X-Ray Tube
  • it has a protective shield
  • this is called the Tube House
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4
Q
  1. What does the Tube House (Protective Shield) do?
A
  • it keeps the tube cold inside
  • the shield is made form Lead
  • this ensures that there is no Radiation leakage
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5
Q
  1. When are X-Rays produced?
A
  • they are produced when highly energetic electrons
    interact with matter
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6
Q
  1. What energy conversion happens when X-Rays are produced?
A
  • 1% of Kinetic energy is turned into Electromagnetic
    Radiation
  • 99& of the energy is lost
  • it is converted to Heat Energy
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7
Q
  1. What 4 parts does a device that produces X-Rays in Diagnostic Energy Range have?
A
  1. An electron source
  2. An evacuated path for electron acceleration
  3. A target electrode
  4. An external Power source to provide high voltage
    (this accelerates the electrons)
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8
Q
  1. Provide the names and descriptions for the parts labelled 1-5 of the diagram
A
  1. The Voltage defines the Kinetic Energy
    • it accelerates the electrons
  2. The Anode is positively charged
  3. This is the Electron Source
  4. The Cathode is negatively charged
  5. This is where the electrons decelerate
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9
Q
  1. Provide the names and descriptions for the parts labelled 6-7 of the diagram
A
  1. This is a glass container
    • it is filled with Mineral Oil
    • this ensures that there is a vacuum
    • this ensures there is electric insulation
    • this prevents energy loss
  2. The Current
    - this gives us the number of the electrons
    - it also gives us the intensity of the X-Ray beam
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10
Q
  1. What 2 aspects does the X-Ray Tube insert consist of?
A
  1. An electron Source
  2. The target within an evacuated glass or metal
    envelope
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11
Q
  1. What does the Tube Housing Provide?
A
  1. Protective Radiation Shielding
  2. It cools the X-Ray Tube Insert
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12
Q
  1. What do X-Ray beam filters shape?
A
  • they shape the x-Ray energy spectrum
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13
Q
  1. What are the X-Ray filters usually made out of?
A
  • they are made out of materials that have low Atomic
    Numbers
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14
Q
  1. What is absorbed into the X-Ray filters?
A
  • low energy photons from the X-Ray
  • this removes the low energy photons
  • this protects the patient from unhealthy radiation
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15
Q
  1. Why are low energy photons dangerous for the patient?
A
  • these photons have deficient energy to reach the
    detector
  • these photons will b absorbed by the patient’s body
  • there are no benefits to this scenario
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16
Q
  1. What are the functions of the X-Ray Generator?
A
  1. It supplies the voltage
    - this accelerates the electrons
  2. It permits the control of the X-Ray beam
    characteristics
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17
Q
  1. Which components of the X-Ray tube work together to create a beam of X-Ray photons?
A
  • the X-Ray Tube insert
  • the Tube Housing
  • the X-Ray Generator
  • the X-Ray Beam Filters
18
Q
  1. List 3 characteristics of X-Ray Photons?
A
  1. They have a well-defined intensity
  2. Penetrability
  3. Spatial Distribution
19
Q
  1. List 5 characteristic of X-Rays?
A
  1. Invisible
  2. Cannot be heard
  3. Cannot be detected by the human body
  4. They have no odour
  5. They are not affected by electric or magnetic fields
20
Q
  1. What are X-Rays commonly referred to as?
A
  • Photons
  • they have the ability to ionise other substances
    (EG: air)
21
Q
  1. What does the term “Ionise” mean?
A
  • the photons will pass through atoms
  • they will cause these atoms to eject electrons from
    their electron shells
22
Q
  1. What does Ionisation account for?
A
  • it accounts for Imaging Properties
  • it accounts for potential harmful effects
23
Q
  1. What happens to the scattered electrons?
A
  • they can be absorbed
  • they ca be scattered in different media
24
Q
  1. In which 4 ways can we detect X-Rays?
A
  1. Their ability to ionise other substances
  2. Their ability to cause Florescence
  3. Their ability to give rise to colour changes
    • this can happen in several substances
    • EG: Barium Platinocyanide
  4. Their ability to produce changes which can be made
    visible in photographic film
    • this is the process that is used in Medicine
25
Q
  1. What part of the X-Ray equipments counts for most of it?
A
  • the Rotating Anode X-Ray Tubes
  • this will dissipate heat over larger areas
  • this helps to avoid the melting of the target
26
Q
  1. What are Rotating Anode X-Ray Tubes used in?
A
  • they are used in all major Diagnostic Radiology
    Equipment
27
Q
  1. Where can we find Stationery Anode X-Ray Tubes?
A
  • in dental equipment
  • in small portable machines
28
Q
  1. What two components does an X-Ray Tube consist of?
A
  1. THE INSERT
    • this is evacuated
    • this is where the X-Rays are produced
    • it is kept in a glass envelope that is filled with
      mineral oil
  2. THE TUBE SHIELD
    • this supports the insert
    • it is responsible for electrical radiation and safety
29
Q
  1. The X-Ray Tube has 6 functions.
    Name 3 of them.
A
  1. To provide a beam of X-Rays from as near to a point
    source as possible
    - this is known as the Focus
  2. To dissipate the heat produced effectively
    - this prevents damage to the X-Ray tube
  3. To provide a consistent quality (kVp)
    • and a consistent quantity (mAs) of radiation
30
Q
  1. The X-Ray Tube has 6 functions.
    Name another 3 of them.
A
  1. Allows the X-Rays to emerge only from the
    window (port) of the housing of the tube
  2. To provide electrically safe environment for the
    practitioner
  3. The tube is securely supported
    • it is still capable of easy movements into any position
    • it then stays maintained in that position
31
Q
  1. What materials are used in the Tube Housing?
A
  • steel construction
  • it is lined with lead
  • the port is the only part that is not lined with lead
  • this is because the lead absorbs the X-Rays
32
Q
  1. What materials are used in the Port?
A
  • Plastic
  • Beryllium
  • Mineral Oil
  • this is used as the insulation between the housing and
    the insert
33
Q
  1. What materials are used to make the Insert (Tube Envelope)?
A
  • metal or ceramics
    (ceramics is the more modern approach)
  • borosilicate glass
34
Q
  1. What materials are used to make the Filament (Cathode) Assembly/Focusing Cup?
A
  • Nickel
  • Stainless Steel
35
Q
  1. What is the Filament made out of?
A
  • Tungsten
  • it has a high atomic number
36
Q
  1. What is the Anode Disc made out of?
A
  • Molybdenum Alloy
  • Graphite Disc
  • Tungsten alloys (90%)
  • Rhenium alloys (10%)
37
Q
  1. What is the function of the Tungsten and Rhenium Alloys?
A
  • they prevent the Crazing effect from happening
  • this is when cracks can happen on the anode surface
38
Q
  1. What is the Anode stem made out of?
A
  • Molybdenum
39
Q
  1. What are the Stator wings made out of?
40
Q
  1. What is the Additional Filtration made out of?
A
  • Aluminium
  • Copper

MED 107- MEDICAL PHYSICS II (108 decks)

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