11. RADIATION HEALTH EFFECTS: FILTRATION ON THE X-RAY BEAM Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is mass proportional to?
A
  • the number of photons in the X-Ray beam
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2
Q
  1. What does the X-Ray beam pass through in the process of leaving the X-ray Tube?
A
  • it passes through certain components of the tube
  • these are collectively called the Inherent Filtration
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3
Q
  1. What is the Inherent Filtration made up of?
A
  1. The glass or ceramic envelope which maintains the
    vacuum
  2. The cooling oil
  3. The window of the X-Ray Tube
    • this is usually make of Beryllium
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4
Q
  1. What is the Inherent Filtration measured in?
A
  • it is measured in Aluminium Equivalents (mm Al)
  • the thickness of the Aluminium would produce the same
    degree of attenuation as the thickness of the material in
    question
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5
Q
  1. What kind of added filtration does every X-Ray tube have?
A
  • every X-Ray tube has external or added filtration
  • this helps to remove lower energy
  • this removes the softer X-Rays from the beam
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6
Q
  1. Why do we want to remove the low energy photons?
A

DUE TO THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT:
- low energy photons will be absorbed by the human body
- this will decrease the patients radiation protection

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7
Q
  1. What are the added/external filters made of?
A
  • Aluminium
  • this will be used with the diagnostic range of the X-Ray
    energies
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8
Q
  1. Why do we use Aluminium?
A
  • it has a low atomic number
  • it will be more likely to absorb or scatter the low energy
    photons
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9
Q
  1. What can be said about low energy X-Rays?
A
  • they have sufficient energy to increase patient radiation
    doses
  • they do not have enough energy to contribute to the
    radiographic image formation
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10
Q
  1. Which material is a better filter for high energy radiation?
A
  • Copper
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11
Q
  1. What does the amount of filtration added depend on?
A
  • it depends on the maximum generating voltage of the
    tube
  • it is usual to have between 1.5mm - 2 mm of filtration
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12
Q
  1. What are three important effects of Filtration?
A

1 . The process of filtration does not affect the E-Max

  1. The intensity of the beam will be decreased
    (less photons)
  2. The average energy of the beam will increase
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13
Q
  1. What can be said about Beam quality?
A
  • it is proportional to the filtration
  • beam intensity is inversely proportional to the filtration
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14
Q
  1. Which organisation determines Quality Assurance for Radiation exposure?
A
  • the Council Directive 2013/59/EURATOM
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15
Q
  1. What does Quality Assurance revolve around?
A
  • it revolves around all the planned and symmetric actions
  • that are necessary to provide adequate assurance
  • that a structure, component or procedure will perform
    satisfactorily in compliance with the agreed standards
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16
Q
  1. What else is a part of Quality Assurance?
A
  • Quality Control
17
Q
  1. What is Quality control?
A
  • it is the set of operations intended to maintain or to
    improve quality

THESE OPERATIONS INCLUDE:
- programming
- coordinating
- implementing

WE CAN MAINTAIN OR IMPROVE QUALITY BY:
- monitoring
- evaluation
- maintenance
- at required levels of all the characteristics of the
equipment performance

THESE LEVELS OF EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE CAN BE:
- defined
- measured
- controlled

18
Q
  1. What does Article 61, Paragraph 1 of the Council Directive state?
A
19
Q
  1. What is Quality Control used for?
A
  • it is the process of managing the quality
  • it is the inspection of the implemented techniques and
    activities
  • it ensures that they are fulfilling the requirements for
    quality
20
Q
  1. What is Quality Assurance used for?
A
  • it is used to verify the quality of the output
  • it looks after all the planned activities that can be
    demonstrated to provide confidence that a product of
    service will fulfil requirements for quality
21
Q
  1. What is the Quality Management System used for?
A
  • all the organisational processes that ensure quality
22
Q
  1. What kind of Quality Assurance protocols for equipment using ionising radiation are available?
A
  1. THE IPEM REPORT 91:
    - this recommends the standards for the routine
    performance testing of diagnostic X-Ray imaging
    systems
    - it is one of the most comprehensive QA Protocols
    - it specifies a lot of tests that need to be done in order
    to comply with European and International Legislation
23
Q
  1. List the components of the X-Ray mechanisms that are tested by the IPEM Report 91 tests?
A
  1. X-Ray Tubes
  2. Generators
  3. Film/screen Radiography processors
  4. AEC Devices
  5. Computed Radiography (CR)
  6. Direct Digital Radiography (DDR)
  7. Image Display and hardcopy devices
  8. Mammography
  9. Dental Radiography
  10. Fluoroscopy
  11. Fluorography
  12. Computed Tomography
  13. Patient Dose Management
24
Q
  1. List the times at which the IPEM Report 91 tests can be done?
A
  1. At the time of equipment delivery
    (this is when the acceptance testing is done by a medical physicist)
  2. Weekly
    (done by the Radiographer)
  3. Monthly
    (done by the Radiographer)
  4. Every three months
    (Medical Physicist)
  5. Every Six Months
    (Medical Physicist)
  6. Once a year
    (Medical Physicist)
  7. After any service
    (Medical Physicist)
25
Q
  1. List the specialised equipment needed to perform the IPEM Report 91 Tests?
A
  1. X-Ray Multimeters
  2. Precision Dosimeters
  3. mAs meters
  4. Survey Meters
  5. X-Ray rulers
  6. Test Phantoms
  7. Filters