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MED 107- MEDICAL PHYSICS II > 14. RADIATION HEALTH EFFECTS: HUMAN RADIATION RISKS > Flashcards

14. RADIATION HEALTH EFFECTS: HUMAN RADIATION RISKS Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What are 2 types of Human Radiation Risks?
A
  1. Stochastic Effects
  2. Deterministic Effects
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2
Q
  1. What are 2 types of Stochastic Effect?
A
  1. Somatic
  2. Heritable
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3
Q
  1. What are 5 examples of Stochastic Somatic Disorders?
A
  1. Adult Leukaemia
  2. Carcinomas
  3. Sarcomas
  4. Foetal Leukaemia
  5. Malformations
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4
Q
  1. What are 3 examples of Deterministic Effects?
A
  1. Early (Acute) Erythema
  2. Late (Chronic) Skin Ulcerations
  3. Tissue Fibrosis
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5
Q
  1. What is the likelihood of an event occurring governed by?
A
  • the laws of Probability

NB:
- this means that the chance of an event occurring is
directly related to the dose of ionising Radiation
received

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6
Q
  1. What is the 2 fold guiding Principle of this Probability Related effect?
A
  1. There is no threshold limit below which a Stochastic
    effect cannot occur
  2. While the chance of a cancer effect occurring may be
    probability related, the severity of any resultant effect
    will not be
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7
Q
  1. What can be said about the phrase: “There is no threshold limit below which a Stochastic effect cannot occur.”
A
  • if the received dose is greater it will increase the risk of
    the effect occurring
  • we can use Dose Equivalent Limits to calculate the
    Statistical Risks

NB:
- Stochastic effects are Probabilistic
- the severity of these effects is not related to the dose
received

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8
Q
  1. What can be said about the phrase: “While the chance of a cancer effect occurring may be probability related, the severity of any resultant effect will not be.”
A
  • Populations that are exposed to ionising radiations
    have a greater risk of developing cancer

IF THE DISEASE IS CONTRACTED:
- the severity will not be related to the radiation dose
received

THERE IS A SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED RISK OF DEVELOPING CANCER
- when the patient follows a low-dose examination
- compared to a high dose examination

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9
Q
  1. Please give an example of a Stochastic effect.
A

A PERSON HAS A DENTAL PANORAMIC X-RAY EXAMINATION:
- this is 0.1 mSv of Dose
- 0.015% x 0.1
= 0.0015%

ANOTHER PERSON HAS A CT ANGIOGRAPHY:
- this is 12 mSv of Dose
- 0.015% x 12
= 0.18%

THEREFORE:
- the risk of developing cancer from a CT Angiography is
directly related to the dose
- there will be an increased risk of getting cancer
- the resultant severity of the cancer is not related to the
dose

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10
Q
  1. What can be said if cancer did not result from either radiological examination?
A
  • the rate and the extent of progression of the cancer
    would not be relayed to the dose of radiation that may
    have caused it
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11
Q
  1. What is the main kind of Somatic Effect?
A
  • cancer itself
  • the risk of developing a cancer from Medical Irradiation
    is related to the dose of radiation received

HOWEVER:
- the general risk of developing cancer is very small
across all examinations

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12
Q
  1. Which kinds of human tissues are more at risk of developing a Malignancy than others?
A
  • more sensitive tissues
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13
Q
  1. Name the 7 parts of the Human Body that have High Radio Sensitivity.
A
  1. Bone Marrow
  2. Spleen
  3. Thymus
  4. Lymphatic Nodes
  5. Gonads
  6. Eye Lenses
  7. Lympochytes
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14
Q
  1. Name the 5 parts of the Human Body that have Medium Radio Sensitivity.
A
  1. Skin
  2. Mesoderm Organs

MESODERM ORGANS SUCH AS:
3. Liver
4. Heart
5. Lungs

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15
Q
  1. Name the 3 parts of the Human Body that have Low Radio Sensitivity.
A
  1. Muscle
  2. Bones
  3. Nervous System
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16
Q
  1. Which develops more quickly, cancer or the surrounding human body tissue?
A
  • cancer
  • it may respond to the use of ionising radiation as a
    treatment
  • this treatment could destroy or shrink the tumour
17
Q
  1. What is the down side of using Ionising Radiation as treatment?
A
  • it can harm some naturally developing tissues
  • these tissues will start to develop extremely rapidly
  • these tissues are at a greater risk now

NB:
- it is for reasons such as these that we have Radiation
Protection Regulations
- these protect vulnerable groups of people
(such as pregnant women)

18
Q
  1. What principle do we apply to aim to minimise the risk of cancer?
A
  • THE ALARA PRINCIPLE
  • “As low as reasonably achievable”
19
Q
  1. What happens to the effects on the genetic material of an individual that are caused by radiation-induced damage?
A
  • these effects are carried in the individual’s gene cells
  • ionising radiation can cause biological damage to these
    genes
  • this may cause combinations of chromosomes to occur
  • such damage will only show itself in future generations
    (especially for women)
  • it can even become a part of the broader human gene
    pool depending on whether the resulting individuals
    reproduce
20
Q
  1. What is the aim when it comes to Radiation dose?
A
  • to ensure that the radiation dose received by the
    gonads is kept to an absolute minimum
  • this is why lead is used to cover the Gonads during X-
    Rays
21
Q
  1. Why are sound radiographic techniques and appropriate protective devices essential?
A
  • they help to manage the unpredictable and potentially
    far reaching effects of radiation
22
Q
  1. Which two properties define the Deterministic (Heritable) Effects of Radiation?
A
  1. THEIR SEVERITY
    • will increase with increasing dose
    • the effect is proportional to the dose
  2. A THRESHOLD EXISTS
    • below which the effect of the radiation will not occur
23
Q
  1. When will Deterministic Effects always occur?
A
  • if the threshold is achieved
24
Q
  1. What are Deterministic Effects associated with?
A
  • they are associated with very large radiation doses
  • these doses have a magnitude that would only be
    experienced as a result of nuclear or other radiation-
    related accidents
  • deterministic effects might also occur due to
    Radiotherapy
25
Q
  1. List some examples of Deterministic effects.
A
26
Q
  1. Does this table make sense?
A
  • yes
27
Q
  1. Who is Alexander Litvinenko?
A
  • he is a former KGB/FSB Personnel
  • he is the first known victim of Radioactive Polonium
    210-induced Acute Radiation Syndrome
  • he was poisoned by the Polonium
  • he had received a very high dose over a short period of
    time
28
Q
  1. What is 1 Sievert (Sv) equivalent to?
A
  • 50 000 chest rays
  • 100 whole - body CT scans
29
Q
  1. Does this graph make sense?
A
  • yes

MED 107- MEDICAL PHYSICS II (108 decks)

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